{"id":265998,"date":"2026-02-26T01:10:39","date_gmt":"2026-02-25T20:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=265998"},"modified":"2026-02-26T01:10:39","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T20:40:39","slug":"%d8%af-%da%9a%da%81%d9%88-%d8%af-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%db%8c%d9%85-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af%db%8c%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d9%85%d8%b0%d9%87%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=265998","title":{"rendered":"\u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a-\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div>\n<div dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u062a<\/div>\n<div dir=\"rtl\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632 (Abstract)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u06cc\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a-\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u0627\u0644\u0641) \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u0628) \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd\u060c \u0627\u0648<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u062c) \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a-\u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06d0 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u00bb \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06ab\u0689 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u00bb \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd\/\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0644\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0681\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">UNESCO \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u06f2.\u06f2 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u062f\u064a. UNICEF \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0696 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0696\u0647 \u06f5\u06f0\u06f0 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0689\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0644\u06cc. UNESCO \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u067c\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f6\u06f6 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0696 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0696\u0647 \u06f9.\u06f6 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0689\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637: \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a-\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u067c\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u061b \u062f \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u0648\/\u0645\u0627\u0689\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a (\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06d0: \u069a\u0681\u06d0\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u060c \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd\u060c \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\/\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06ab\u064a\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06f1. \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647 (Introduction)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f\u06cc. \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0642\u00bb \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0681\u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u00ab\u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u00bb \u0627\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u00bb \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 (\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab) \u062d\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u061b \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0635\u062d\u062a) \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 (Central ethical question):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u06cc\u062b \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062f \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u0647\u2014\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\/\u062e\u0648\u0631\/\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a-\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 (\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a) \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u06a9\u06d0\u2014\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\/\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\/\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1.\u06f1 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647: \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0698\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a-\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062f \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u06cc. \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u00ab\u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a-\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u00bb \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0647. \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\/\u069a\u0681\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u0639\u0632\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2. \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 (Research aims &amp; questions)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.\u06f1 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u06d0 (Aims)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0631\u06d0\u069a\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 (\u0646\u0635\/\u0641\u0642\u0647) \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0641 (\u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631) \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0644-\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u06cd \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u00ab\u062d\u0644-\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u00bb \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.\u06f2 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 (Core questions)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u067e\u0693\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u062c\u06ab\u0693\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u062c\u0627\u0693\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0685\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3. \u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a (Methodology)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 Historical-Comparative Analysis: \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 Qualitative Content Analysis: \u062f \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\/\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\/\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 Oral History Case-Study: \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u0631\u063a\u0644\/\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a-\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u062c\u0627\u0693\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 (\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 Source Triangulation: \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 + \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b\/\u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 + \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 + \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u06cd + \u0622\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0641\u064a\/\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a (\u0644\u0646\u0689): \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 (\u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a\/\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\/\u06a9\u062f\u0631) \u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a \u062f \u00ab\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u00bb \u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u061b \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\/\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c (Framework)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0646-\u0639\u0631\u0641-\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a-\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 (Religion\u2013Custom\u2013State\u2013Security Nexus) \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0646\u0635\/\u0641\u0642\u0647: \u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a\/\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0639\u0631\u0641: \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u062f \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab \u062f\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\/\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\/\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f: \u062c\u06ab\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 (Operationalization):<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u06f1) \u0646\u0635\/\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u069a\u064a\u064a\u061f (\u06f2) \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\/\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a\u061f (\u06f3) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u061f (\u06f4) \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\/\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\/\u06a9\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0641: \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f5. \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645: \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\/\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062f \u0648\u06d0\u0634 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648: \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a (\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\/\u0648\u06d0\u0644\u0632: Elementary Education Act 1870 \u2014 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0698\u0645\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0681\u064a \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u061b Royal Assent: 9 August 1870.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647: Jules Ferry laws \u2014 \u0648\u0693\u06cc\u0627 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647 (1881) \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\/\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647 (1882).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a (Baden): \u062f 28 February 1900 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u2014 \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a matriculation \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 (\u067e\u0647 Baden \u06a9\u06d0).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627: Title IX (Education Amendments of 1972) \u2014 \u062f \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u061b Pub. L. 92-318\u060c 23 June 1972.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647: \u0644\u0648\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u0681 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645\/\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0. \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0685\u0646\u06ab \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u06d0 (\u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0681\u064a\u060c \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062a\u06ab\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0) \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0693. \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc: \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628: \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f6. \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c: \u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0648\u062d\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0644 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u06cc (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0642 96:1)\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0642 96:4\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 68:1)\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0639\u0627 (\u0637\u0647 20:114) \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623\u00bb \u0627\u0648 \u00ab\u0642\u0644\u0645\u00bb \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\/\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0634\u0648\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647: \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u00bb \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f7. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631: \u00ab\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623\/\u0642\u0644\u0645\u00bb \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u00ab\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623\u00bb \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u00ab\u0642\u0644\u0645\u00bb \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\/\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0645\u062a \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u064a: \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f8. \u062d\u062c\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639: \u069a\u0681\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062d\u062c \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\/\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a: \u00ab\u2026\u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0630\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0647\u064f\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650\u2026\u00bb (Sahih Muslim 1218a).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645: \u06a9\u0647 \u069a\u0681\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\/\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u00bb \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u062f \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u0693 \u062f\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f8.\u06f1 \u062f \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631 (\u0631\u0636) \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639: \u062f \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631 (\u0631\u0636) \u062f \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u06cc\u062d\u062a \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u061b \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u062f \u0622\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u06a9\u0693 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 4:20)\u061b \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0644\u0648\/\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06d0 \u0635\u062d\u0646\u06d0\/\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0634\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a: (\u06f1) \u062f \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u060c (\u06f2) \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0693 \u062f\u06cc\u060c (\u06f3) \u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9. \u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\/\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u06bc\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u069a\u064a\u064a\u2014\u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9.\u06f1 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0647 (\u0631\u0636) \u062f \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u0647 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\/\u0639\u0631\u0641\/\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u064a \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9.\u06f2 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u069a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0648\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\/\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062a\u0647\u2014\u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645\/\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648. \u062f\u0631\u0633: \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u2014\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9.\u06f3 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062f \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u00ab\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u00bb \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u2014\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9.\u06f4 \u0637\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0633\u0646\u06ab\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06ab\u064a: \u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062d\u0644 \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0645\u0646\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u06d0 (\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633) \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a\/\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0637\u0628\/\u0646\u0631\u0633\u0646\u06ab\/\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06ab\u064a \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0647. (\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u060c \u062f \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0639\/\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642.)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9.\u06f5 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0642\u0641\/\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647. \u062f\u0631\u0633: \u069a\u0681\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061b \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u2014\u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9.\u06f6 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\/\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cc\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u061b \u0622\u0644\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0648\u069a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u062f\u0631\u0633: \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a\u060c \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9.\u06f7 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u069a\u064a\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u067c\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a\u00bb \u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645\/\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\/\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u2014\u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062c: \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f0. \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645: \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a (\u062f \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\/\u067e\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646 (1863-1879): \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a\u061b \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (1880-1901): \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc\u062a\/\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061b \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (1901-1919): \u069a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (1919-1929): \u0686\u067c\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u061b \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u0685\u06d0\u061b \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0647 (1929-1933): \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0647 (1933-1973): \u069a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u061b \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0646 (1973-1978): \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631\u064a \u06cc\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 1978-1992: \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f \u0627 \u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0685\u06d0 :\u062c\u06ab\u0693\u06d0\/\u0628\u06d0\u200c\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u061b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 1992-1996: \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u062c\u06ab\u0693\u06d0\u061b \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f1 (1996-2001): \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 2001-2021: \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627 + \u0646\u0627\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a + \u062f \u067e\u0631\u062f \u06d0 \u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0648 \u069a\u0647 \u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0647\u0685\u06cc+\u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a-\u0634\u062e\u0693\u06d0.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f2 (2021-\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647): \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u062f\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f1. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f1\u060c 2001-2021\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f2<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f1.\u06f1 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f1 (1996-2001)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0631 \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\/\u06a9\u0627\u0631\/\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a\u061b \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u06d0 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0648<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f1.\u06f2 2001-2021: \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\/\u0646\u0627\u067c\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u061b \u062e\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u060c\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u2026.. \u069a\u0627\u0631-\u06a9\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0648\u0647. \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u069a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0637\/\u0628\u06d0\u200c\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0647\u061b \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0645\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0681\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647: \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\/\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0637 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f1.\u06f3 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f2 (2021-\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u062f\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f2. \u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u06f1 \u0627\u0648 \u06f2 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645: \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f1 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u061b \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f2 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\/\u0644\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\/\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631: \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f1 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f2 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644: \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f1 \u062f \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f0\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u061b \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06f2 \u0689\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u067c\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u2014\u062e\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0\u0696\u064a: (\u06f1) \u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a-\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 (\u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a)\u060c (\u06f2) \u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645 (\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\/\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647)\u060c (\u06f3) \u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc. \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u00bb \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f3. Case-Study: \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f3.\u06f1 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 (\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0641\u06cc\u0642 \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u061b \u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u0631\u063a\u0644\/\u06a9\u0689\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u067c\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0648. \u0632\u0647 (\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644) \u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0647 (\u0686\u06d0 \u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0648) \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u00bb \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u06a9\u0648\u0645. \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00ab\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061f\u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u063a\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u2014\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0644 (\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0641\u06cc\u0642 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647): \u00ab\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f3.\u06f2 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u06d0 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 (TB (\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0646\u0681) + \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\/\u0646\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u2026)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 TB (\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0646\u0681) \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a\u06cd<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a: \u0628\u06cc\u0693\u0646\u06cc \u0632\u06d0\u0696\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0631<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u06d0: \u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0693\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u06d0\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06d0. \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a (\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0647\/\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645) \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0646\u0689 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f3.\u06f3 \u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u0635\u06cc\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b: \u062e\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u0635\u06cc\u0628 ( \u062c\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631 \u0648) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0693\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06d0\/\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u2014\u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 TB (\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0646\u0681)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u2014\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u06d0 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0648\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u062e\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u06f1) \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a: \u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\/\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637\u061b<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u06f2) \u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a: \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0648\u06d0\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab\u061b<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u06f3) \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a: \u06a9\u062f\u0631\/\u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644\/\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u06ab\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d0\/\u06a9\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0646\u06d0 \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a\u061b \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab (\u0648\u0693\u0644\/\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0644)\u061b \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u061b \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u0648\u064a (\u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\/\u0646\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u064a)\u061b \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 (\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u06cd \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u0644 \u062f \u00ab\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u00bb \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a)\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0686\u06d0 \u06f4\u06f5 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a (\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a) \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\/\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f4. \u0628\u062d\u062b (Discussion)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0648\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u0681 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\/\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062d\u0642 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e \u06a9\u0693. \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\/\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u00bb \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062c\u06ab\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\/\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc. \u062f 2001-2021 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u00ab\u0628\u06d0\u200c\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0637\u00bb \u062f \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u00bb \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u064a. Case-Study \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0638\u0645-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u06cc: \u062f \u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0689\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06f1\u06f5. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 (Conclusion)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061b \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0647. \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u064a \u0686\u06d0: (\u06f1) \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e (\u062d\u06cc\u0627\/\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f) \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061b (\u06f2) \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e (\u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0635\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f) \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061b (\u06f3) \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e (\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\/\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a) \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061b (\u06f4) \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e (\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u06d0\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab) \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a: \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u2014\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f6. \u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 (Recommendations)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0648-\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627: \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d + \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0644\u0646\u0689 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a-\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0689\u0644: \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0\/\u06a9\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647: \u0646\u0631\u0633\u0646\u06ab\/\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06ab\u064a\/\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u062a (\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\/\u0646\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u064a).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0698\u0628\u0647: \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0637\u2014\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\/\u0646\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06d0 (dropout) \u06a9\u0645\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u060c \u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Minimum Implementation Package (MIP) \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u06f1 (\u06f0\u2013\u06f6 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06d0): \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 + \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 + \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062a\u06ab-\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u06f2 (\u06f6\u2013\u06f1\u06f8 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06d0): \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644 (\u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u06f3 (\u06f1\u06f8\u2013\u06f3\u06f6 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06d0): \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 (\u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u062a\u06ab\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0647 (References)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UNESCO. (19 Aug 2025). Afghanistan: Four years on, 2.2 million girls still banned from school. https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/afghanistan-four-years-22-million-girls-still-banned-school<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UNESCO. Protecting the right to education for all Afghans (Afghanistan education emergency page). https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/emergencies\/education\/afghanistan<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UNESCO &amp; UNICEF. (24 Jan 2026). UNESCO and UNICEF urge action to protect the right to education in Afghanistan (Joint Press Release). https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/unesco-and-unicef-urge-action-protect-right-education-afghanistan<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UNICEF. (14 Aug 2022). Depriving girls of secondary education translates to a loss of at least US$500 million for Afghan economy in last 12 months. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press-releases\/depriving-girls-secondary-education-translates-loss-least-us500-million-afghan<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UNESCO. (9 Oct 2024). The Costs of Suspension of Women\u2019s Higher Education in Afghanistan. https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/costs-suspension-womens-higher-education-afghanistan<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UNESCO (Report PDF). (Oct 2024). Cost of suspension of women\u2019s higher education (full report). https:\/\/articles.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/medias\/fichiers\/2024\/10\/08.Cost_of_suspension_of_women%27s_higher_education_full_report.pdf<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UK Parliament. (1870). Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 &amp; 34 Vict c. 75). https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/id\/ukpga\/Vict\/33-34\/75<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">UK Parliament. The 1870 Education Act (overview). https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/about\/living-heritage\/transformingsociety\/livinglearning\/school\/overview\/1870educationact\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">France (secondary reference). Jules Ferry laws overview. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jules_Ferry_laws<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">University of Freiburg. Germany\u2019s First Female Student (matriculation as of 28 Feb 1900). https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/en\/germanys-first-female-student\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">U.S. Department of Justice. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/crt\/title-ix-education-amendments-1972<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">U.S. GovInfo. Public Law 92-318 (June 23, 1972) PDF. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/STATUTE-86\/pdf\/STATUTE-86-Pg235.pdf<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631 (\u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646): \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0642 (\u06f9\u06f6:\u06f1). https:\/\/quran.ksu.edu.sa\/tafseer\/katheer\/sura96-aya1.html<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0631 (\u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646): \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 (\u06f6\u06f8:\u06f1). https:\/\/quran.ksu.edu.sa\/tafseer\/katheer\/sura68-aya1.html<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 1218a (\u062d\u062c\/\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0647). https:\/\/sunnah.com\/muslim:1218a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a (\u062f Musannaf \u2018Abd al-Razzaq 10420 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0644). https:\/\/www.abuaminaelias.com\/dailyhadithonline\/2018\/02\/19\/umar-woman-right-man-wrong\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u062f \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\/\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0647. https:\/\/authenticseerah.com\/2020\/04\/22\/the-story-of-a-woman-interjecting-and-correcting-umar-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87-on-the-issue-of-mahr-is-unauthentic\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632 (Abstract) \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u06cc\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a-\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a: (\u0627\u0644\u0641) \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\/\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u060c (\u0628) \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd\u060c \u0627\u0648 (\u062c) \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a-\u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06d0 \u069a\u064a\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":208121,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[1,652],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-265998","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"category-merman"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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