{"id":248452,"date":"2024-11-26T06:31:37","date_gmt":"2024-11-26T02:01:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=248452"},"modified":"2024-11-26T00:38:12","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T20:08:12","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%bc%db%8c%da%a9%db%8c%d9%88-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%bc%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%88%d9%86%db%90%d9%bc%da%a9%d8%b3-%da%85%d9%87-%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%9f-%d8%aa%d9%85%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=248452","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0685\u0647 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u061f| \u062a\u0645\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u06ab\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/div>\n
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\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0685\u06cc\u0693\u0646\u06d0: \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u069a\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 (Aristotle) \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0696\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0693\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0. \u0647\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0633 (Herophilos)\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0627\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u06d0. \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u062a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u064a (P\u0101\u1e47ini) \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693.<\/div>\n
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\u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd: \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0689\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cc\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062e \u0648\u0693\u0644\u06d0. \u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627 (Avicenna) \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628” \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0647.<\/div>\n
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\u062f \u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0632\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u06d0. \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f6\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u06f1\u06f7\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0693\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u06ab\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u067c \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693.<\/div>\n
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\u062f \u06f1\u06f9\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0647. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0632 (Daniel Jones) \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0648\u06cc\u067c (Henry Sweet) \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u069a \u0648. \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u06a9\u0693\u0644\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f “\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0632” \u0627\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0631” \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/div>\n
\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u0644. \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0647.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab: \u067c\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u06d0<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u067c\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0644. \u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d0 (X-ray) \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 (MRI) \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647. \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0633\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u067c\u0631\u064a \u067c\u0648\u0645\u0648\u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0644.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647: \u062f \u0685\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0646\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u06ab\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0689\u06ab\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0646 (\u062f\u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f) \u0685\u0647 \u0634\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u061f<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0685\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645 (vocal apparatus) \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u060c \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062f \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u062f \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u06d0 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062f \u0633\u0696\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0647\u0685\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a\u060c \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/div>\n
\u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/div>\n
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\u06f1. \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u06a9\u0647\/p\/\u060c \/b\/\u060c \u0627\u0648 \/m\/ \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u060c \u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06cc\u0631\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0644 \u062f “\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0689” \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \/u\/ \u0627\u0648 \/o\/\u00a0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062f\u0644 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062f \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u0686\u067c\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0693 \u0648\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u06f2. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0693\u06cc \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0633\u0631 \u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0631 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \/t\/ \u0627\u0648 \/d\/ \u06cc\u0627 \/\u062a\/\u062f\/ \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0634\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \/k\/ \u0627\u0648 \/g\/ \u06cc\u0627 \/\u06a9\/\u06ab\/\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc (high) \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (low) \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u06f3. \u062f \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u062f \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0689\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u064a\u0632 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \/\u03b8\/ (\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a\u00a0 “think” \u06cc\u0627 \/\u062b\/ \u06a9\u06d0) \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0634\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062f \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u06f4. \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647 (Larynx)<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 (vocal cords) \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u06cd \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (pitch) \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u069a\u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u06f5. \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06cc (Pharynx)<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u067c\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062e \u0648\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 (tone)\u00a0 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062f \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u06f6. \u0633\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0633\u0696\u064a \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0631\u0698\u06cd \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0696\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/div>\n
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\u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06ab\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u064a\u0696\u064a:<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \/\u062e\/ \u063a\u0696 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \/k\/ \u063a\u0696 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a: \/\u062e\/ \u06cc\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u06cc\u067c\u06cc\u0641 \u063a\u0696 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u063a\u0696 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0646\u0631\u06cd \u062a\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \/k\/ \u06cc\u0648 \u0633\u067c\u0627\u067e \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u063a\u0696 \u062f\u06cc.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0633\u0631\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0685\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0685\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/p\/ \u063a\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 “aspirated” \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a (\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a)\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 “top” \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 “spot” \u06a9\u06d0 . \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u064a\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u06cd\u060c \u0634\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u0685\u067e\u06d0 \u0634\u06a9\u0644. \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0693\u062e \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u062f \/s\/ \u0627\u0648 \/\u0283\/ \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u06cd \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u062f \/s\/ \u063a\u0696 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u06cd \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0647 (\u0634\u0627\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u06f4\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632) \u0627\u0648 \u062f \/\u0283\/ \u063a\u0696 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u06cd \u067c\u06cc\u067c\u0647 \u062f\u0647 (\u0634\u0627\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632). \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u0622\u0689\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0622\u0689\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0622\u0689\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0648\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0648) \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/div>\n
\u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u062f \/p\/ \u06cc\u0627 \/\u067e\/ \u063a\u0696 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062e\u0648 \u0622\u0689\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0696 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 (voiceless sounds) \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u0696 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 (voiced sounds) \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647:<\/div>\n
\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/p\/ \u0627\u0648 \/b\/ \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f “pat” \u0627\u0648 “bat” \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u063a\u0696 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/\u067e\/ \u0627\u0648 \/\u0628\/ \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f “\u067e\u0644\u0627\u0631” \u0627\u0648 “\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0631” \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0. \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0\u060c \u062f \/p\/ \u063a\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u062a\u0693\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0685\u0627\u067e\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0696 \u0628\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0647 (voiceless) \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \/b\/ \u063a\u0696 \u062f \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0696 \u063a\u0696 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc (voiced) \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/t\/ \u063a\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 “aspirated” \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 “top” \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0696 “unaspirated” \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 ” spot ” \u06a9\u06d0. \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \/t\/ \u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f “aspirated” \u0627\u0648 “unaspirated” \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647:<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \/\u062e\/ \u063a\u0696 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062f \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cd \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062e\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0645\u0627\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/div>\n
1. Ladefoged, Peter, & Johnson, Keith.<\/div>\n
A Course in Phonetics. 7th Edition. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2015.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d.<\/div>\n
2. Catford, J. C.<\/div>\n
Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0.<\/div>\n
3. Clark, John, Yallop, Colin, & Fletcher, Janet.<\/div>\n
An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. 3rd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0.<\/div>\n
4. Ashby, Michael, & Maidment, John.<\/div>\n
Introducing Phonetic Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a.<\/div>\n
5. Halle, Morris, & Stevens, Kenneth N.<\/div>\n
Speech Production and Perception: The Acoustic and Physiology of Speech. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647.<\/div>\n
6. Fant, Gunnar.<\/div>\n
Acoustic Theory of Speech Production. The Hague: Mouton, 1960.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647.<\/div>\n
7. Ball, Martin J., & Rahilly, Joan.<\/div>\n
Phonetics: The Science of Speech. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0622\u0689\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0.<\/div>\n
8. International Phonetic Association (IPA).<\/div>\n
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cd \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631.<\/div>\n
9. Ohala, John J.<\/div>\n
“Phonetics and Phonology: Their Role in Speech Communication.”<\/div>\n
Journal of Phonetics, Vol. 31, No. 3-4, 2003, pp. 501-529.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644.<\/div>\n
10. Hardcastle, William J., & Laver, John.<\/div>\n
The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/div>\n
11. Johnson, Keith.<\/div>\n
Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. 4th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0622\u0689\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632.<\/div>\n
12. Davenport, Mike, & Hannahs, S.J.<\/div>\n
Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. London: Routledge, 2010.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0.<\/div>\n
13. Maddieson, Ian.<\/div>\n
Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u063a\u0696\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644.<\/div>\n
14. Boersma, Paul, & Weenink, David.<\/div>\n
Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer. Version 6.0. (https:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/praat\/<\/a>)<\/div>\n
o \u062f \u063a\u0696 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u067c\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647.<\/div>\n
15. Laver, John.<\/div>\n
Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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