{"id":235832,"date":"2024-02-16T08:27:25","date_gmt":"2024-02-16T03:57:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=235832"},"modified":"2024-02-16T00:32:06","modified_gmt":"2024-02-15T20:02:06","slug":"%d8%af-%d8%ae%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d9%87-%da%98%d8%a8%d9%be%d9%88%d9%87%d9%86%db%8c%d8%b2%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%87-%da%85%db%90%da%93%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=235832","title":{"rendered":"\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 | \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\">Assistant Prof. Sharifullah Dost<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><sub>\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0689\u0645\u06cd \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.(\u062f.\u0633)<\/sub><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647:(\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u069a\u062a\u060c \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a\u060c \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648&#8230;)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647:(\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648&#8230;)\u060c\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u06a9\u0633:(\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0693\u0646\u06ab\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0647 &#8230;) \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u00a0\u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u06cc. \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0685\u0647 \u0646\u0627 \u0685\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06cc. \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0693\u062e \u06cc\u06d0 \u0644\u0696 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u0681\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f3\u06f9\u0645\u00a0 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0622\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u064a \u062f \u06f5\u06f0\u06f0 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u062a:<\/strong> \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0696 \u0648 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u064a \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0693\u062e \u0648\u0631\u0644\u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0627\u06ab\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u0631 \u0685\u0646\u06ab \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647\u00a0 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">-\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u0685\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">-\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u06cc\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d\u064a \u0645\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0622\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0644\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u060c \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\/Orthographic \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u06ab\u0644\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u06cc \u060c \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067c\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0693 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0644 (\u06f9\u06f2\u06f5 \u0647\u0640) \u0634\u0627\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062f \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0632\u06d0\u0696\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u06cc\u0628\u06bc\u0647 (\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a) \u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647<\/strong>: \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0693\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u067e\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0648. \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0698\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0644. \u0622\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641<\/strong>:\u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u06a9\u0627 \u062f \u0632\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u062e 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(\u06f1\u06f9:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0693\u06cc\u0646\u0647<\/strong>: \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647\u06f9\u06f8\u06f5 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u063a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u06ab \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06f5\u06f6 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u0648.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u06f5\u06f0\u06f0 \u06a9\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0647<\/strong> \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0693(\u0632\u06f9\u06f2\u06f5- \u0645\u0693\u06f9\u06f8\u06f5) \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 (\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a) \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u0645\u0646\u0681\u067e\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0: \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u060c \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u00a0 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0647. \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f 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<strong>\u0648\u06a9\u069a\u0647<\/strong> \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u069a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062f \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u060c \u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645&#8230;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0647<\/strong>: \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06d0\u0698\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0646 \u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u064a \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u067e\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u06f6\u0645 \u0644\u0647 (\u0633\u0631\u0689\u06cc\u0633\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633) \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06d0 \u0648\u0647. \u0689\u06cc\u0633\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u063a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u067c\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0633 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0\u060c\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06cc \u067e\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f3\u06f9\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 New India Antiquary \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u06f5\u06f6\u06f6- \u06f5\u06f7\u06f4 \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648\u00a0 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647 \u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u06d0 &#8221; \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f\/Orthography &#8221; \u067e\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u00a0\u0622\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u06cc\u0685\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u06d0.(\u06f2\u06f1:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a: &#8220;\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u06cc.\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067c\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06cc. \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a.&#8221;(\u06f2\u06f1\u06f1:\u06f3\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0646 \u06f2\u06f4 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u06ab \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u06f4 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u06d0\u0689\u0645\u064a \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06f9\u06f2 \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u06a9\u0693\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647<\/strong>\u060c \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0647: <strong>\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc:<\/strong> \u062f \u0622\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0628\u0646\u06ab\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 (\u06f1\u06f0\u06f6\u06f1\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a) \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u067e\u064a \u06cc\u06d0 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0641 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f3 \u0647\u0640.\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u062f \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u06d0 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u067e\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647 .<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647:<\/strong> \u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u06ab \u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 (\u06f1\u06f0\u06f7\u06f9\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a) \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u0681\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0644 (\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f \u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0648 \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f3\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a) \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0634\u0648\u064a \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f6 \u0634) \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u060c\u00a0 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cd \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>The <\/strong><strong>Linguistics View<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693 \u067e\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u067c\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06f1. \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>The Phonological view<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0631\u069a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; <strong>\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc\/<\/strong>Extra phoneme<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc\/wustray&lt; \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0647\u0646\u0647\/bahna&lt; \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647\/bah\u1fb1na<\/p>\n<table dir=\"rtl\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"55\"><strong>\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"199\"><strong>\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06bc\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"65\"><strong>\u0645\u062e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"157\"><strong>\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"91\"><strong>\u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"55\"><strong>\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"55\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"199\">\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cc\/wstray<\/td>\n<td width=\"65\">\u06f2\u06a9<sub>(\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628)<\/sub><\/td>\n<td width=\"157\">\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc\/wrustay<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">\u0635\u0641\u062a<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">\u0648\/u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"55\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"199\">\u0628\u0647\u0646\u0647\/bahna<\/td>\n<td width=\"65\">\u06f1\u06f4\u06a9<\/td>\n<td width=\"157\">\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647\/bahana<\/td>\n<td width=\"91\">\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">\u0622\/\u1fb1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/\u0648-u\/ \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/\u0627a-\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; <strong>\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc\/<\/strong><strong>Reduction<\/strong> : \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0696\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \/ \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648ryu\u010d\u1fb1\u00a0 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0648\/ru\u010d\u1fb1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u06f1\u06f5\u0645\u062e \u062f \/\u06cc y\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u06d0\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>&#8211; \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\/:<\/strong><strong>Phonemes changes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641) <\/strong>\u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645+ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\/Phoneme+Phoneme<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1.<strong>\u062f<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\/<\/strong><strong>ablaut<\/strong> sing,sang,sung: \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c\u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u06ab\u0644\u064a\/pe\u017eangali\u00a0 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u06ab\u0644\u0648\/pe\u017eandgalo \u00a0\u00a0\u062f \/\u064ai \/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \/\u0648o\/ \u0633\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2. <strong>\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646\/<\/strong><strong>Consonant Lenition<\/strong>: \u069a\u06d0\u06ab\u0693\u0647\/ega\u1e5b\u01dd\u1e63&gt;\u069a\u06d0\u06ab\u06bc\u0647\/\u0645\u06bc \u060c \u0645\u0693 = \u0645\u0693\u06cc\u06cc \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647.\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \/\u0693\/ \u067e\u0647 \/\u06bc\/ \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628<strong>) \u062f \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f\u06cc\u0648\/diyao = \u062f\u0648\u06cc\/ doay\/ \u0685\u0685\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u2013 \u0685\u0627\u0685\u06a9\u064a \u06f1\u06f7\u06f8\u0645\u062e-\u06a9 \u062f \/\u0101 \u0627\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646. \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0647\/ \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062c(<strong>\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/strong>\/ \u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645 \/ \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645&gt; \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/r \u0631\/ \u062f \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; <strong>\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645\/<\/strong><strong>Alternation<\/strong>: \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 &#8221; \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc&gt; \u062f \/\u062f\/ \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 <sub>\u06f1\u06f1\u06f5<\/sub> \u0645\u062e \u06a9 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u00a0 &#8220;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0644\/<\/strong><strong>Omission<\/strong>: \u0648\u06d0\u069a\u062a\u0647 \/ \u0648\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u062a\u0647 \u062f \/\u0631\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0644. \u062f\u06cc\u063a\u0647\/ \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; <strong>\u0681\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\/<\/strong><strong>Substitute<\/strong> : \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a. \u06f1\u06f4\u06f3 \u0645\u062e \u06a9: \u0646\u0648\u0633\/ \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062f \/\u0648\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \/\u0641\/ \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a. \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u0627\u0646\/ \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \/\u0647\u0640\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\/<\/strong><strong>Assimilation<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \/\u0693\/ \u0627\u0648 \/\u06bc\/ \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a\u060c \u062f \u0633\/ \u0627\u0648 \u0685 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062f \/\u0698\/ \u0627\u0648 \/\u0696\/ \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc:<\/p>\n<table dir=\"rtl\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"57\">\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0647<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06bc\u0647<\/td>\n<td width=\"47\">\u0645\u062e<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\">\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u0647<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/td>\n<td width=\"56\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"57\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\u069a\u06d0\u06ab\u0693\u0647\/ega\u1e5b\u01dd\u1e63<\/td>\n<td width=\"47\">14<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\">\u069a\u06d0\u06ab\u06bc\u0647\/ega\u1e47\u01dd\u1e63<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td width=\"56\">\u1e5b\/\u1e47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"57\">\u06f2<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06bc\/Ang\u01dd\u1e47<\/td>\n<td width=\"47\"><sup>\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0693<\/sup><\/td>\n<td width=\"161\">\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\/ang\u01dd\u1e5b<\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td width=\"56\">\u1e47\/\u1e5b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632\u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Glottal Phoneme<\/strong>: \u067e\u0647\u0640 \u060c \u062a\u0647\u0640 \u060c \u06a9\u0647\u0640 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0647. \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647\/ghand\u04d9\u00a0 \u06a9\u0647\u0648\u0644\/khol\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0644\/kawol= \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u067c\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u067e\u0633 \u062f\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0686\u06d0 \u06ab\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0645.(\u06f4:\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u06f9\u06f8 \u0645\u062e):\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u0647: \u06ab\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\/g\u0101nd\u04d9 \u062f \u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627. \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0633\u0646\u06ab\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u067e\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Superheavy Syllable<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd\/ Prosodic phonology \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0685\u067e\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0633\u062c\u0639 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\/k\u0101 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u064a\/k\u0101ser\u026a\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u069a\u06d0\/\u1e63e \u067e\u0647 \u069a\u06d0\u06ab\u0693\u0647\/\u1e63eg\u01dd\u1e5b\u01dd\u06a9\u06d0. \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0681\u06d0\u062f\/\u01f0ed\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\/xu\u01f0edunyu \u06a9\u06d0. \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u062f \u0685\u067e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0: (\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u0647! \u0632\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u062e\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0648 <strong>\u069a\u06d0\u06ab\u0693\u0647<\/strong> \u06a9\u0647. \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u06ab\u0646\u0647\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0645 \u0644\u0647 <strong>\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c <strong>\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/strong>.(\u06f1\u06f2\u06f5:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632\/<\/strong><strong>Dissimilation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cd \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06a9\u064a \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\/\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u060c \u0681\u0645\u0627\/\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u069a\u062a\u0646\/\u0685\u069a\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/\u0693\u060c \u0681\u060c\u062a\/ \u067e\u0647 \/\u0631\u060c \u0632\u060c \u0685\/ \u06cc\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0644.(\u06f5: \u06f2\u060c \u06f4\u06f4\u060c \u06f7\u06f6 \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u064a\/<\/strong><strong>Free Variation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc<\/strong>:\u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u06cd \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0634\u064a \u062e\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0\/\u06a9\u0693\u062f\u0647\/\u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0647\/ \u062f \/\u062f\/ \u0627\u0648 \/\u0646\/ \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0646\/\u0632\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \/\u0681\/ \u0627\u0648 \/\u0632\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a. \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06d0 \u062e\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645:<\/strong> \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0689\u06cc\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0628\u0647\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\/ \u0645\u0632\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0681\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u0681\u0645\u06a9\u0647 \u06f1\u06f4\u0645\u062e. \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cd \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u06d0 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u06cc\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\/<\/strong><strong>Intonation Phrase<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u2013 \u067c\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06ab\u0627\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u06cd \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u064a:&#8221; \u0645\u0631\u06ab \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0693\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0646\u06ab\u0647\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0644 \u062f\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645.(\u06f6\u06f9:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cd \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u069a\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u06cc\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689 \u062f\u06cc. \u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06d0(Ip) \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0644\u0648\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab\/<\/strong><strong>Syncope<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0685\u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u064a. \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8220;\u062f\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647(\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c <sub>\u062f \u063a\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/sub>)\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u062f \/\u06cc\/ \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \/\u0693\u064a\/ \u0685\u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.<strong>\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Morphological view<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">The term \u201cmorphology\u201d (from the Greek \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae, morph\u00e9 = form) is used in a number of scientific disciplines to refer to the study of the structural relationships between different parts or aspects of the object of study. For example, in biology, morphology is the study.(\u06f4:\u06f1\u06f1\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a<\/strong>\/<strong>Pronominal <\/strong>Particle:&#8221;\u0645\u06d0 \u060c \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u064a&#8221;\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0648 \u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0645 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u064a. \u00a0\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a-\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u060c\u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a <strong>\u0645\u06d0<\/strong> \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.<strong>\u06cc\u06d0 <\/strong>\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \/\u0686\u064a\/ \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u0689 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06cc. \/\u0686\u064a\u0650\u064a\u0652\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u06d0\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647:<\/strong> \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u062a \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u06d0\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0693 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0637 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u062a \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0647= \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0647\/ \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629= \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0681\/ \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635=\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Pronominal Suffix<\/strong> \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0693\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0631 \u060c \u062f\u0631. \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u00a0\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u060c : \u0631\u0627\u0648\u069a\u06cc\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0693\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0681\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0622\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Elegant Form<\/strong>: \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a: \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u0631\/\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u060c \u06ab\u06bc\u0644\/\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0644 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0\u061b \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0622\u0631\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062d\u0632\u0631\u0648\u06cc = \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u064a \u06f1\u06f5\u06f7\u0645\u062e\u060c\u00a0 \u0646\u0648\u0633 = \u0646\u0641\u0633.(\u06f5\u06f2\u060c\u06f5\u06f0:\u06f5\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Allogos<\/strong><strong>:\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a. \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u06d0.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u069a\u06cc\/Lik\u0219ay \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0647. \u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9(\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647) \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc. \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u063a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646\/b\u1fb1ra\u03b3kir\u1fb1n.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0685\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Homographs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\/l\u04d9l\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u064a\/li\u00a0 (\u0645\u0635\u060c \u0641)\u00a0\u00a0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u00a0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062f \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">-\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u06cd \u06cc\u0627 \u06ab\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f (\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648) \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">-\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a \u062f (\u0627\u0686\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u0648\u0644\u0648) \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">-\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u06ab\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a \u062f (\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0648) \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">-\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06ab \u0627\u0648 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f (\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648) \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u064a: &#8220;\u0632\u0647 \u06ab\u0648\u0627\u0647\u064a <strong>\u0644\u0645<\/strong> (\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0645) \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06d0 \u0632\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u0645.(\u06f4:\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u06f3\u06f5 \u0645\u062e).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 &#8221; \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0693\u0645\u06cc \u0648\u069a\u064a\u060c &#8230; \u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u06bc \u0631\u064f\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u064a <strong>\u0644\u064a(<\/strong>\u06a9\u0648\u064a<strong>)<\/strong> \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.(\u06f4: \u06f1\u06f7\u06f8-\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a\/li\u1e93\u026a \u062f \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0631\u063a\u06cc\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/strong>&#8221; \u06ab\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u064a<strong>\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/strong>\u00a0 \u062f \u069a\u064a \u0686\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646 <strong>\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/strong> \u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062f \u0698\u0628\u064a \u0648\u069a\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0639 <strong>\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/strong> \u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u063a\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u064a \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645. &#8220;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Allograph<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>\u0686\u06d0 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u06ab\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06ab \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u062f\u06cc. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0647\u0633\u0627\u0646 = \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0632\u06a9\u0647 = \u0681\u0645\u06a9\u0647.(\u06f1\u06f9\u06f8:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Nominalization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u00a0\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062f \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 : \u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\/\u060c \u06a9\u0693\/ \u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\/\u00a0 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u062f \/\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 (\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645) \u0646\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0648\u064a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Neologism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u069a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u064a. \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u06a9\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0693\/k\u1e5bunka\u1e5b \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627. \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u0631\/k\u1e5b\u04d9nd\u04d9r \u062f \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627. \u0647\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u062a\/haty\u0101t \u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627. \u06a9\u0693\u062f\u0647\/ \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627.(\u06f1\u06f1\u06f3:\u06f6\u0645\u062e).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a\/<\/strong><strong>Derivational Morphology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0648\u06cc\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u064a \u062f \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0644. \u062f \u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647. \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 (\u06a9\u0648\u0696\u0648\u0644= \u069a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u06cc= \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc.(\u06f7\u06f5:\u06f5\u0645\u062e).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0696\u0644\/<\/strong><strong>Morpheme Clipping<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0696\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u060c \u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u064a \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 : \u0648\u062a\u0647 = \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u063a\u0647= \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u060c \u0647\u06cc\u063a\u0647= \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647(\u06f5: \u06f4\u06f4\u0645\u062e.)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0627\u0693\u06cc\/<\/strong><strong>Interfix<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a. \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a. \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\/ \u0627a\/ \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0627\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0627\u0693\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \/\u0627\u0648\u060c \u067e\u0647\u060c \u0648\/ \u00a0\u06a9\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641\/<\/strong><strong>Conjugation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a. \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648 = \u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0696\u0648\u0645= \u0648\u069a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645. \u0681\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0645 = \u0632\u0647\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0645.(\u06f5: \u06f7\u06f5\u060c \u06f7\u06f6 \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641\/<\/strong><strong>Weak inflection<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062a\u0644 \u062f \u062a\u0644\u0647= \u062a\u0644 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0647\u060c\u00a0 \u063a\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u06cc= \u0689\u0627\u0689\u0645\u0646\u060c \u067e\u06d0\u063a\u0644\u06a9\u06cd\/\u067e\u06d0\u063a\u0644\u0648\u067c\u06d0.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Participle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u062a \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 (Educated= \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647) \u062f\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06d0 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u069a\u064a\/lik\u1e63ay\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06cc\/n\u0101nkoray=\u06a9\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u06cc\/\u03b3aragay\u060c \u0646\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u064a\/n\u0101pe\u017eanduy\u026a \u060c\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a\/li\u1e93i=\u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c(\u06f4: \u06f4\u06f4\u0628.\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Archaic Words<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647- \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0631\u06cc\u069a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648- \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648- \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u069a\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u06a9\u0647: <\/strong>\u06a9\u0647\u0648\u0644\/ \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd\u060c \u067c\u0628\u0631 \u060c\u00a0 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0685\u06cc\/\u062f\u069a\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u069a\u062a\u0646\/\u0685\u069a\u062a\u0646\u060c \u06ab\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647\/ \u0633\u0628\u0627\u00a0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0632\u062f\u06a9\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0632\u062f\u06a9\/ \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u060c \u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u06cc\/ \u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0693\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0648\u06bc\u06d0\u0685\u06d0 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u0627\/ \u062f \u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab<\/strong>(Juncture) : \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab\u060c \u0645\u06a9\u062b \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u064a \u0647\u0631 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab \u062f\u06cc. \u062a\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u067e\u0627\u0644\u0648(\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06ab\u0631\u0627) \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647: &#8221; \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06ab(\u0645\u06a9\u062b) \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06ab\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.(\u06f3\u06f1\u06f5:\u06f1\u06f2\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab<\/strong>(intonation): \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06ab \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0696\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u00a0 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u06cc. \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648\u00a0 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u0686\u064a \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u069a\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0648\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0681\u0648\u0693. \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0696\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0693\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0696\u063a \u0628\u0645 \u0648\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0633\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u061b- \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0686\u06cc\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u06cc\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0681\u0648\u0693 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u0628\u0631\u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab: &#8211; \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u06cc. \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u064a \u062f \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u06cc. \u0685\u0647 \u069a\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06ab\u0644!\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0627!<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u067e\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0632- \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06f3. \u0646\u062d\u0648\u06d0\/<\/strong><strong>Syntax<\/strong><strong>\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062e \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 &#8230;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0693\u0646\u06ab(\u0631\u0628\u0637)\/<\/strong><strong>Relative Clause<\/strong> \u061b \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0685\u064a\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 (\u0686\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0647) \u062f \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0693\u0646\u06ab \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u00a0\u06a9\u06d0 (Which,the,Who) \u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0693\u0646\u06ab \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0685\u0646\u06ab \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u062a\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0633\u0693\u06cc <strong>\u0686\u06d0<\/strong> \u062e\u0693 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u064a \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc <strong>\u0686\u06d0<\/strong> \u0632\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0645 \u060c \u069a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0647 <strong>\u0644\u0647<\/strong> \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 <strong>\u0627\u0648<\/strong> \u0632\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06d0 \u0645\u0644\u06ab\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0647! \u0648\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0647 <strong>\u0686\u064a<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u06ab \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u064a \u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0646 <strong>\u0686\u064a<\/strong> \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646&#8221;.(\u06f7\u06f0:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Benefactor<\/strong> \u061b \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u06cc\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0639 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u06ab\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0647! \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u00a0 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u0681\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u06ab\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 &#8221; \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0681\u0627\u06cc\/<\/strong><strong>Predicative Position<\/strong> \u060c \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0647 \u0681\u0646\u0689\u0647\u00a0 \u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u0645\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc<\/strong> \u062f\u06cc.\/ \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u062f (\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646) \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 (\u062f\u06cc) \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u00a0\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u06cc\u063a\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d0 <strong>\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u064a \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u064a \u067e\u06a9\u069a\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u067e\u06d0 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644. (\u06f6\u06f8:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f \/<strong>\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\/<\/strong> \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0685\u0631\u062e\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Imperative Sentence<\/strong><strong>\u060c<\/strong> \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u06a9\u069a\u0647 = \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0696\u0647!\u0681\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u06cc\u062d \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0647! \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0647\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u067c\u06a9\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0648\u06a9\u069a\u0647\/\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0696\u0647! \u0648\u06a9\u069a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0686\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647&#8230;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0647\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Coordination<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u06cc. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \/\u0648 \u060c \u0627\u0648\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631.\u00a0 \u0628\u062e\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u062e\u064a.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646:\u00a0 &#8221; \u06ab\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647<strong> \u0648 <\/strong>\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647 <strong>\u0648<\/strong> \u0634\u0628\u0647\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u00a0<strong>\u0648<\/strong> \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0647 <strong>\u0648<\/strong> \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0647! <strong>\u0648<\/strong> \u0633\u0693\u064a (\u062a\u0647) \u0628\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0686\u064a <strong>\u0648<\/strong> \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u064a \u0634\u06cc\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u06a9\u0631 <strong>\u0627\u0648<\/strong> \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0685\u064a(\u062f\u069a\u0645\u0646) \u06cc\u06d0. (\u06f2\u06f8\u06f7:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06f4. \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u067c\u06a9\u0633\/<\/strong><strong>Semantics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0685\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Semantic head<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0689\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 &#8221; \u067e\u0647 \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u0645\u062e&#8221; \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\/Luwast \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0647\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0648\u0628\/<\/strong><strong>Syncretism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06bc\u0647\u00a0 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693 = \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631 \u060c \u0632\u0648\u0646\u0646\u06ab\/\u0632\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u0646\u06ab\u0647 = \u0632\u0646\u06ab\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647. \u0645\u0632\u062f\u06a9= \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f. \u0644\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc= \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\/<\/strong><strong>Bleaching<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062f \u2013 \u062a\u0627\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a . \u06a9\u064f\u069a\u064a = \u06a9\u0627\u0696\u064a \u062f \/\u0696\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \/\u069a\/ \u0633\u0631\u0647. \u0646\u063a\u0693\u0644\/n\u03b3\u04d9\u1e5b\u04d9l= \u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644. \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u063a\u0693\u0644 \u067e\u06d0\u0686\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u062f \/\u0693\u060c\u0631\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u0646\u0646\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0646\u063a\u0631\u0644\/n\u03b3\u04d9ral \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06f5. \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f\/<\/strong><strong>Orthography<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647: Orthography ,spelling ,dictation ,Empathy \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 (ideography writing) \u060c (logographic writing)\u060c script linguistics \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0622\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0648&#8230; \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a (contractually) \u0648\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc\u061f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0647) \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u061f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0646\u0627\u0645\u06ab\u0630\u0627\u0631\u064a)\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u061f \u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a (Evolutionary) \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a (Involutionary) \u062f\u0647. \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u064a \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0644\u0648 \u00a0\u0685\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u061f \u00ab\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0\/\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u064a\u00bb \u06a9\u0647 \u00ab\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0\/\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0632\u0648\u06cc\u00bb \u06a9\u0647 \u00ab\u0681\u0648\u06cc\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0632\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u00bb \u06a9\u0647 \u00ab\u0681\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u00bb \u06a9\u0647 \u00ab\u067e\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u062f\u069a\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u069a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0681\u0645\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0681\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u067c\u0648\u067e\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06a9\u061f \u062f \u062a\u0635\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u064a (\u06a9) \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u067e \u062a\u0635\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06a9 \u0648\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u067e\u06a9\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u067e \u062f \u067c\u0648\u067e(\u0681\u063a\u0633\u062a\u064a) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631<\/strong>:! \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u064a (\u0632\u0647) \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 (\u0632\u06c0) \u061f \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 (\u0632\u0645\u06cc) \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u060c (\u062c\u0645\u06cc) \u06a9\u0647 (\u0698\u0645\u06cc)\u061f (\u0645\u0648\u0696) \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 (\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0696)\u060c \u0698\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u060c \u062c\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631<\/strong>: \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u069a\u062a\u064a \u06cc\u0648 \u0686\u064a: (\u0696\u063a) \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 (\u063a\u0696)\u061f (\u0645\u064a) \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 (\u0645\u06d0)\u060c \u0645\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u062f \u0645\u069a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u069a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u064a \u0645\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f\/<\/strong><strong>Orthography<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u064a. \u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u06cd \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0681\u0646\u064a \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Phonemes &amp; Graphemes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06f1.\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Consonants<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u00a0\u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u064a \u0686\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u061b<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\/p\u060c \u067c\/\u1e6d\u060c \u0686\/\u010d \u060c \u0685\/c \u060c \u0689\/ \u1e0d\u00a0 \u060c \u0693\/\u1e5b\u00a0\u00a0 \u060c \u069a\/\u1e63\u00a0 \u060c \u06bc\/\u1e47\u00a0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \/<strong>\u0681 <\/strong><strong>\u01f0<\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong> \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u067c\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u069a\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u00a0 <strong>\/\u068a\/.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \/<strong>\u0696 <\/strong><strong>\u1e93<\/strong>\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u063a\u06d0\u0696 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067c\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u00a0 <strong>\/\u062f.\/.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \/<strong>\u0698 <\/strong><strong>\u017e<\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong> \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \/ <strong>\u0696 <\/strong>\/ \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \/<strong>\u06ab<\/strong>\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \/<strong>\u06ab<\/strong>\/ \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u064a. \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u062f \/<strong>\u06a9<\/strong>\/ \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0634 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067c\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0696\u062f\u064a \/<strong>.\u06a9<\/strong>\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06ab\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0644\u064a. \u062e\u0648 \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644 \/<strong>.\u06a9<\/strong>\/ \u06ab\/ \u0628\u0644\u0644\u064a. \u0686\u064a \u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0 \u063a\u0628\u0631\u06ab \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \/\u0646\u0652\u06ab\/ \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cc \/\u06ab\/ \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \/\u0646\u0652\u06ab\/ \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0652\u06ab\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0646\u0652\u06ab\u060c \u0693\u0646\u0652\u06ab \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u064a. \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \/\u06a9\/ \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0693\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u06bc\u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \/ \u06ab\/ \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u06ab\u0631\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06ab\u06cd\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0645\u0627 (\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a) \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u00a0 \/<strong>.\u06a9<\/strong>\/ \u06ab\/ \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u00a0 \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \/\u0646\u0652\u06ab\/ \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06ab\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062a\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \/\u0646\u0652\u06ab \u014b\/ \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0681\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 49 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \/ <strong>? <\/strong><strong>\u014b<\/strong> \/ \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u069a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0693 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0646\u0681\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \/<strong>\u014b<\/strong><strong>\u0919<\/strong>\/ \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u069a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc.(\u06f2:\u06f9\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<table dir=\"rtl\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\"><strong>\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><strong>\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"101\"><strong>\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><strong>\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u0644\u06cc\u06a9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f1<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u067c\/<\/strong><strong>\u1e6d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u067c<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u067c<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0637<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u063a\u067c= \u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f2<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u0685\/<\/strong><strong>c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0685<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u0685<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><sub>\u0621<\/sub>\ufb76<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u0685\u0648\u06a9= \u062d\u0648\u06a9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f3<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u0681\/<\/strong><strong>\u0134<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\ufe92<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u0685\/\u062c<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><strong><sub>\u0621<\/sub><\/strong>\u062d<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u0681\u0645\u0627= \u062d\u0645\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f4<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u0689\/<\/strong><strong>\u1e0d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0689<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u0689<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u062f<sup>\u0621<\/sup><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u0689\u06d0\u0631= \u062f\u06d0\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f5<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u0693\/<\/strong><strong>\u1e5b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0693<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u0693<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0631<strong><sup>\u0621<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u0632\u0693\u0647= \u0632\u0631\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f6<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u0696\/<\/strong><strong>\u1e93<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u062f\u06f0<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u0696<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0698<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0696\u064a=\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u064a- \u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0698\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f7<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u069a\/<\/strong><strong>\u1e63<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u069a<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u069a<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0634<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u069a\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc = \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46\">\u06f8<\/td>\n<td width=\"161\"><strong>\u06bc\/<\/strong><strong>\u1e47<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u06bc<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">\u06bc &#8211; \u0646\u0693<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">\u0646<sup>\u0621<\/sup><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">\u0631\u06bc\u0627=\u0631\u0646\u0693\u0627=\u0631\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Vowels <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n<table dir=\"rtl\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"69\">\u1fb1: \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641(\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">a :\u0632\u0648\u0631:\u0645\u06bc\u0647<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">\u04d9(\u0647) \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc:\u062a\u0631\u0647<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">o:\u0644\u0646\u0689(\u0648) \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">u:\u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f(\u0648)<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">\u014d:\u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f(\u0648)<\/p>\n<p>\u06a9\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">i:(\u064a)\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">e(\u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\u0647 \u06d0) \u0627\u062f\u06d0<\/td>\n<td width=\"69\">\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u0647: \u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 -\u026a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u1fb1<\/strong><strong>: \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0693 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0686\u06d0 \u0632\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u00a0 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u062e\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0696\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0645 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u067c \u0645\u067c \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631. \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u064a : \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u067e\u06cc\u0644 :\u00a0 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\/\u0101dmy\u0101n \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0681: \u0686\u0627\u0631\/\u010d\u0101r\u060c\u00a0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc: \u0681\u0645\u0627\/\u01f0m\u0101(\u06f9\u06f6:\u06f5 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>a<\/strong><strong>: \u0632\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u06ab\u0648\u0631\u0647! \u0632\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0645 \u067e\u0647\u00a0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062f \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u06d0 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06cd \u2013 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u06cc\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06cd \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u0645\u00a0 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646. (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9:\u06f4-\u0628 \u0645\u062e) \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u064a: \u0632\u062f\u0647\/zda \u060c \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647\/ zdak\u1e5b\u04d9 \u060c \u06a9\u0628\/kab &#8220;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u04d9<\/strong><strong>\/\u0647\/ \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u06ab\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0689 \u06a9\u0693\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0681 \u062f \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062d\u062c\u062a \u0686\u064a \u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u06a9\u069a\u0644\u064a&#8230; \u06f1\u06f2\u06f4 \u0645\u062e-\u06a9 &#8220;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u0647\/ gor\u04d9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0632\u0647\/z\u04d9\u060c \u0628\u0647\/ b\u04d9 \u060c \u067e\u0647\/p\u04d9 \u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\/n\u0101m\u04d9 \u060c \u0633\u064e\u062e\/s\u04d9x = \u062e\u0648\u069a\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>O<\/strong><strong>:\u0644\u0646\u0689 \/\u0648\/<\/strong>&#8220;&#8230; \u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06ab\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0646 \u062f \u0698\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 (\u06f1\u06f2:\u06f4 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e)\u062a\u0631\u0648\/tro\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0648\/o\u03b3ha \u060c \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\/tori = \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>u<\/strong><strong>:\u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\/\u0648\/<\/strong>\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648&#8221;&#8230;\u00a0 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u06ab\u0648\u069a\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0696\u064a&#8230; (\u06f1\u06f5\u06f9:\u06f4 \u0628 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0648\u0632\u06cc\/puzay \u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u06cc\/kuhay \u060c \u06ab\u0648\u069a\u06cc\/gua\u1e63ay\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0647\/\u03b3umb\u04d9s\u04d9\u060c\u00a0 \u0633\u0648\u0646\/sun = \u062e\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0641<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u014d<\/strong><strong>:\u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\/\u0648\/<\/strong>&#8221; &#8230; \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a.(\u06f4:64-\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\/st\u014dr \u060c \u0689\u0648\u0644\/\u1e0d\u014dl= \u062f \u0627\u062a\u06bc \u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647\/p\u014dhana. \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>i<\/strong><strong>:\/\u064a\/<\/strong>\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 (\u0644\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644) \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u06d0\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \/\u06cc\/ \u06a9\u0693\u06cd \u0696\u062f\u064a\/\u06cc\u0652\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8221; \u0645\u0631\u06ab \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0650\u064a\u0652 \u0648 \u0633\u0693\u0650\u064a\u0652 \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0646\u06ab\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0693\u0650\u064a\u0652 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u0650\u064a\u0652 \u062a\u0644 \u062f \u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645.(\u06f7\u06f3 \u0645\u062e \u2013 \u06a9)\/ \u0686\u064a \u062f \u06ab\u0646\u0627\u0647\u06ab\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0634\u064a. \u06f9\u06f7\u0645\u062e-\u06a9 &#8221; \u06cc\u0627 &#8221; \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u064a \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u067e\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0648\u0632\u064a. (\u06f1\u06f7\u06f3:\u06f4 \u0628 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u064a: \u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\/wari \u060c \u0633\u0693\u064a\/sa\u1e5bi\u00a0 \u060c \u06a9\u069a\u0650\u064a\u0652\/k\u1e63i \u060c \u0634\u0650\u064a\u0652\/\u0161i \u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0647\u064a\/kuhi\u060c \u067e\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u064a\/p\u04d9liti \u060c \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0648\u0632\u064a\/preozi<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u00a0 :e\/<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\/ <\/strong>\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0647 \/\u06d0\/ \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0648 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0632\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \/\u06cc\/ \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u067c\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u062f \/\u06cc\/ \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u06a9\u06cd \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06cd(\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647) \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062f\/\u0651\/ \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u067c\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u06cc\u0696\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0650\u064a\u0651 = \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0650\u06cc\u0652 = \u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u06d0 \u06d0\u00a0 \u060c \u062f\u06d0\/\u062f\u064a \u06cc\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647 \/\u06d2\/ \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \/\u06d0\/ \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.(\u06f3\u06f3:\u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u026a<\/strong><strong>: \u06a9\u0633\u0631\u0647\/\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0650\/<\/strong> \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0645\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646. \u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u0627\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06f7\u06f3 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e &#8220;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\/\u026am\u0101nati<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f\u06cc\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>diphthongs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1.<strong>\u0646\u0631\u0645\u0647\/\u06cc <\/strong><strong>ay<\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 &#8221; \u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0634 \u0634\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 <strong>\u06ab\u0648\u069a\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0693\u06cc<\/strong> \u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062a\u06d0\u0631 \u0634\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645.(\u06f1\u06f0\u06f4:\u06f4 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u0648\u069a\u06cc\/gu\u1e63ay\u00a0 \u060c \u0632\u0627\u0693\u06cc\/z\u0101\u1e5bay = \u067e\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0698\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u069a\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0101y\/\u0681\u0627\u06cc= j\u0101y<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Oy\/\u0681\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0648\u06cc= \u01f0oy\u060c soy<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">uy\/\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0648\u06cc = xuy\u060c\u00a0 buy<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.<strong>\/\u06cd <\/strong><strong>\u04d9<\/strong><strong>y<\/strong><strong>\/ <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u06a9\u06cd \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u0681\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0681\u06cd\u060c \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u0646\u06cd \u0627\u0648&#8230;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646: &#8221; \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0647! \u062f \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u062f \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u062f \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062f <strong>\u06cc\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06cd<\/strong> \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u0645\u064a \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u063a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u06f1\u06f4\u06f2\u0645\u062e-\u06a9\/\u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u063a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 <strong>\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cd<\/strong>(\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cd) \u0648\u0631\u0681. (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f3: \u06f5\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u06cd\/wastr\u04d9y \u060c\u00a0 \u06cc\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06cd\/yag\u0101nag\u04d9y<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">aw\/: \u0644\u0648\/law<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0101w \/ \u062c\u0693\u0627\u0648\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">iw\/ \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0648\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u04d8w\/ \u06a9\u0646\u0689\u0648\/<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06a9\u0644\u0633\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\/<\/strong><strong>Clusters<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a: \u0646\u0645\u0631\/ nmar\u060c \u0634\u067e\u0647\/ \u0161pa\u060c \u0633\u067e\u06cc\/spay<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0628\u06bc\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1.\u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \/\u0633\/ \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u067c\u06a9\u064a \u0696\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u069b\u062a\u0627\u0646\/\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646(\u06f4\u06f0:\u06f4 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0631\u069b\u0648\u0644\/\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u069b\u064a\/\u0647\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u063a\u069b\u0644\/ \u063a\u0633\u0644 <sub>\u06f6\u06f0 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e<\/sub><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \/\u0633\/ \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u067c\u06a9\u064a \/\u069b\/ \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0696\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647:( \u06f4\u06f7\u0628 \u0645\u062e )\u062a\u0633\u0628\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0633\u0693\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0633\u0646\u062a \u06f5\u06f1 \u062f \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u06d0 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u062f\u064a.(\u06f5\u06f0\u060c\u06f5\u06f1:\u06f4 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u060c\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2. \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\/preposition\u00a0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u060c \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648\/\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\/\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 <sub>(\u06f1\u06f3\u06f6:\u06f4 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e)<\/sub><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\/ \u067e\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u2013( \u06f3\u06f5 \u0628 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0645\u0627\/ \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u06f3\u06f8 \u2013 \u0628 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u064a\/\u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u064a \u2013(\u06f7\u06f1 \u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062f\u06cc\/ \u0648 \u0645\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc(\u06f5\u06f6 \u0628 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0696\u0628\/ \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 (\u06f5\u06f6 \u0628 \u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0635\u0641\u062a + \u0641\u0639\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u069a\u06cc\u0634\u064a\/ \u06ab\u0648\u069a\u06cc \u0634\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0641\u0639\u0644+ \u063a\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0650\/\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0646\u0647\u064a+\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0647\/\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u062a\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\/\u0686\u064a\/ \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0644\/postposition \/\u0686\u064a\/ \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \/\u0681\u0645\u0627\/ \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647\/\u06a9\u069a\u064a\/ \u060c \/ \u06a9\u069a\u0650\/ \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0627\u0650\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 short vowels \u00a0\u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0693\u064a \/\u0648\u0646\u0648\/ \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \/\u0648\/ \u06a9\u0627\u0696\u064a. (\u06a9\u0628\u0648\u060c \u067e\u0633\u0648) \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u0644\u0647\u062c\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647.(\u06f7\u06f9:\u06f4\u0645\u062e)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \/\u0648\u062a\u0644\/ \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \/\u0681\/ \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u064a: \/\u0648\u0681\u064a(\u0648\u0632\u064a).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\/\u0648\u062e\u062a\/ \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \/\u0648\u0642\u062a\/ \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0693 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u06cc. \u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0685\u0646\u06ab \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0693\u062e \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0628\u06bc\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0648. \u062f \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u06cc.\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0693 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0632\u0693\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0631\u06cc\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0650\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u0627\u0685\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0648. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0689\u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u062f \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0648.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1. \u062a\u0696\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0646\u0646\u06cd \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u06d0\u060c \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e: \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u062a \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647\u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f8\u0647\u0640.\u0644. \u06a9\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2. \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u06cc. \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0689 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e. \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0641 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e: \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f4\u0647\u0640.\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3. \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u060c\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0648 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0648. \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u061b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646: \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c\u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f6\u0647\u0640.\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4. \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f. \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646. \u062f \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0628\u0646\u06ab\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647(\u06a9\u0627\u067e\u064a)\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f3\u0647\u0640.\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f5. \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f. \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646. \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u060c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f6\u0647\u0640.\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f6. \u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627. \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u0641. \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f4\u0647\u0640.\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f7. \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645. \u062f \u0698\u0628\u064a \u062f \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644.(\u062f\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u0647)\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f9\u0647\u0640.\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f8.New Indian Antiquary, 1939-1940 \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9 \u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0685\u062e\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f9. K.SR , LEAR SANSKRIT IN 30 DAYS,NEW DELHI,2002,P -2<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f0. Paul Kiparsky. The phonological basis of soundschanges. Stanford University,2017<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u06f1. Asunci\u00f3n \u00c1lvarez1 and Tom Ritchey, Applications of General Morphological Analysis, AMG Vol. 4 No. 1 (2015)<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>Herbert &amp; Ali Jazayery, Grammar of modern Persian(PDF).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Assistant Prof. Sharifullah Dost \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0689\u0645\u06cd \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.(\u062f.\u0633) \u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0644 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":221040,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[1,312],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-235832","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-uncategorized","8":"category-literature"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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