{"id":198681,"date":"2021-11-06T00:24:18","date_gmt":"2021-11-05T19:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taand.com\/main\/?p=198681"},"modified":"2021-11-06T00:24:18","modified_gmt":"2021-11-05T19:54:18","slug":"%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%88%d9%86%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%88%da%93%d9%86%d9%87-%da%89%d8%a7%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%db%90%da%96%db%8c-%d8%b4%db%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=198681","title":{"rendered":"\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \/ \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06d0\u0696\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 (\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 inferre \u060c\u060c\u060c\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0644\u060c\u060c \u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u06d0\u0632\u064a inference)<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Schlussfolgern<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><b>Folgerung<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><b>Inferenz<\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0conclusio \u060c\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647)\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u06ab\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0634\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0644\u0693\u06cc \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u060c \u062f <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pr%C3%A4misse\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pr\u00e4missen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u06cc\u0627 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 (\u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u062a\u0644 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0) \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0648\u067e\u0648\u062a\u06d0\u0632\u0648)\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0) \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u069a\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c (\u062f \u069a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646) \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0644 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a: \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0633\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u064a (\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0644\u0634\u064a). \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0632\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u067c\u06d0\u06a9 \u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06d0.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0648\u0647\u00a0 \u062f \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u00a0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhetorik\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhetorik<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 ( \u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0631) \u00a0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0633\u06d0\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 (\u0689\u06d0\u0631\u067e\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0644) \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644. \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0644\u0634\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u06d0\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06d0\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0685 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">inference<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u06d0\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d0. \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u06a9\u064a\u0696\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u06d0\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0685 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u063a\u0634\u064a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">=&gt; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0645\u0646\u0681\u067e\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f1 \u2013 \u062f \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f1.\u06f1 \u2013 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f2 \u2013 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f1 .\u06f1 \u2013 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06d0 \u0646\u0696\u0630\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f2 . \u06f2 \u2013 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f2 .\u06f3 \u2013 \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f3 \u2013 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06f4 \u2013 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u06cd\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062f \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A=&gt;B<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 ( \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644: \u0644\u0647 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0685\u062e\u0647\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a) \u0644\u0627\u0631 ( \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647) \u062f\u0647 \u060c <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0648 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u0644\u0647 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a \u06cc\u0627\u00a0 \u06a9\u0647 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a.\u00a0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0689: \u06a9\u0647 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u060c \u0646\u0648 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062f \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0648: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deduktion\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deduktion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Induktion_(Denken)\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Induktion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u0627\u0648\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abduktion\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abduktion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u06ab\u06cc\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 syllogistischer( \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0: \u069a\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u060c \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u062f\u064a)\u00a0 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subsumtion\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subsumtion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 (\u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f \u0628\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0696\u064a) \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u064a\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u064a \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u00a0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u062a\u0644 \u062f\u00a0 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0\u00a0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u2013 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kausalit%C3%A4t\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kausalit\u00e4t<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u00a0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0685\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0681\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deduktion \u062f\u06d0\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u00a0 \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Induktion \u062f (\u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0634\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cd \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abduktion \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0693 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u06d0\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u0646\u06cd \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u064a\u060c\u060c \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0\u060c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 (\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc) \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0689\u0627\u0689\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u0627\u0628\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0696\u06cd\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0633\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u062f\u0648\u06d0\u0645\u06d0 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062a\u06ab\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0681\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0685 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c\u00a0 \u0648\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u0696\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648( \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u06d0\u0645\u0647) \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u2013 \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u00a0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648\u00a0 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cd\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647\u060c\u060c \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceteris_paribus\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ceteris paribus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ) \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a Bremse \u067e\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u064a\u0696\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062f\u06d0\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u00a0 \u00a0 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u062a\u06ab \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u062a\u06ab \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u06a9\u0627\u0696\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u00a0 \u00a0\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u06a9\u0627\u0696\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u062a\u06ab \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u062a\u06ab \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0648\u06a9 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u06a9\u0627\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0627\u0628\u062f\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u067c\u0631\u00a0 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u06a9\u0627\u0696\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 a \u0627\u0648 b \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 i\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 o\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc. \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kontr\u00e4r \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e. \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0647: \u060c\u060c\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067c\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u0648\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e \u06cc\u0648\u060c\u060c. \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spektrum.de\/lexikon\/philosophie\/subkontraer\/1960\">Subkontr\u00e4r<\/a>: \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0: \u0633\u0628\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0645\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u06d0\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06ab\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a (\u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u06cd\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u06d0\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647: \u067c\u0648\u067c\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u00a0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 (\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0648\u062a): \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0648 S \u0627\u06d0\u0633 P \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 (\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0648\u062a) \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0648 S \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 P \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a ((\u0681\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0681\u0646\u06d0 \u0646\u0647)<\/p>\n<p>Kontr\u00e4r, subkontr\u00e4r, konzradiktorisch, subaltern<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06d0\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u064a: \u067e\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0) Das kontradiktorisch \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0\u00a0 \u060c\u060c \u0681\u0627\u0646\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u060c\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a &#8230;.. \u0681\u0627\u0646\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0(\u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06d0\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645) \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u064a. \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u064a. \u0632\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a \u06cc\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u06a9 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 : \u069a\u0647 \u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u069a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><b>Subalternit\u00e4t<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 ( \u062f \u067c\u064a\u067c \u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f \u067c\u064a\u067c\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06d0) \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0646\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cd \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0\u0648\u0646\u0647\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cd \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644: \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9\u00a0 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0647:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u060c\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u060c\u060c. \u060c\u060c\u0633\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0633 \u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u060c\u060c<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647: \u060c\u060c \u0633\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0633 \u062f \u0646\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u060c\u060c<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647. \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0693\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06cc.(\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 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\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u00a0 ( \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0686\u0631\u06ab\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u0631\u06ab\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c\u060c) \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0633\u0645\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u060c\u0646\u0647\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u060c\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u060c\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><b>Pr\u00e4zisierung \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0633\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u062f \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 ( \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647) \u0648\u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u06d0\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u06d0\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0693\u0646\u06d0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junktor\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Junktoren<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u062f\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648\u060c\u060c \u060c \u060c\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u060c\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u060c \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647\u00a0 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quantor\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantoren<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u06cc\u0627 \u062f 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