{"id":196064,"date":"2021-09-20T11:40:24","date_gmt":"2021-09-20T07:10:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taand.com\/main\/?p=196064"},"modified":"2021-09-20T11:40:24","modified_gmt":"2021-09-20T07:10:24","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af-%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82-%da%89%d8%a7%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%db%90%da%96%db%8c-%d8%b4%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=196064","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \/\u00a0\u0689\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06d0\u0696\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0(\u062f\u0648\u06d0\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647)<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644- \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Kalk\u00fcltypen und logische Verfahren<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u00a0 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 ( \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tautologie_(Logik)\">Tautologien<\/a> \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0644 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0642\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a) \u00a0\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648 ( \u0646\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0647) \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u06cd \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u06d0\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u0631 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0631\u064a\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u069a\u062a\u06a9\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u06d0\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u06cd ( \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a)\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reductio_ad_absurdum\">Reductio ad absurdum<\/a>\u00a0 ( \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u0681\u064a: \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u0681\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u06cc\u0627\u0647\u0685\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Negation\">Negation<\/a> \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"rtl\">Nichtklassische Logiken \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0696\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0696 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0696\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0685\u06cc\u067e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648( \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \/ \u06cc\u0627 \u00a0\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 Zweiwertigkeit und\/oder Extensionalit\u00e4t ) \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0650\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0685\u06cc\u067e\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a.\u00a0 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a. ( \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u06cd: \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u064a: \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophische_Logik\">Philosophische Logik<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u00a0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0632\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u2013 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u06d0 \u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647\u00a0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648 \u06ab\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0632\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0693 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06d0\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u062f\u0648\u064a\u00a0 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u064a ( \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d0) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u00a0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8212;\u00a0 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0648 Satzoperatoren \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0&#8230;..\u060c\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u060c\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 &#8230;.\u060c\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062f \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647\u060c<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epistemische_Logik\">epistemische Logik<\/a> doxastische Logik<\/li>\n<li>) \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a: \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc\u06a9: \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u060c\u062e\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a( \u062f \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u06d0\u00a0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deontische_Logik\">Deontische Logik<\/a> \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Normenlogik\">Normenlogik<\/a>\u00a0 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0648\u060c \u060c\u060c \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06cd\u060c\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0644 ( \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 &#8230;.) \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temporale_Logik_der_Aktionen\">Temporale Logik der Aktionen<\/a>, die\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quantenlogik\">Quantenlogik<\/a> \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temporale_Logik\">temporale Logiken<\/a>\u00a0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u067c\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extension_und_Intension\">Intensionale Logiken<\/a> \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u0627\u06d0\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0698\u0646( Extension(\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648: \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0628\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647) \u0646\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 Intension ( \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647\/ \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647: \u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647) \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interrogativlogik\">Interrogativlogik<\/a> \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0647\u00a0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u067c\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a\u060c<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Konditionalsatzlogik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Konditionalsatzlogik<\/a> \u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u064a\u0645\u067e\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u0634\u0646<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Implikation\">Implikation<\/a> \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u2013 \u0646\u0648\u060c\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parakonsistente_Logik\">Parakonsistente Logiken<\/a> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cd \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06d0. \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relevanzlogik\">Relevanzlogik<\/a> \u0631\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0685 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u06d0\u0645\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06d0\u067e\u0644\u06d0\u06a9\u06d0\u0634\u0646\u00a0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u06d0\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u064a ( \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u06cd)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 dir=\"rtl\">Intuitionismus, Relevanzlogik und konnexe Logik<\/h4>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0681\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u064a\u0696\u064a ( \u06a9\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u06cd: \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061f). \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c\u060c \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luitzen_Egbertus_Jan_Brouwer\">L. E. J. Brouwer<\/a> \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0648\u06cc<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intuitionistische_Logik\">Intuitionistische Logik<\/a> \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0686\u06d0 \u201eduplex-negatio\u201c-Axiom (\u00a0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0689\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a p (\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647) \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 p \u00a0\u00a0\u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a ) \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u060c\u060c \u0646\u0647\u060c\u060c \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(DN\u0689\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc)\u00a0p{\\displaystyle \\neg \\neg p\\Rightarrow p}<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tertium_non_datur\">tertium non datur<\/a>\u201c ( \u062f \u0647\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u00a0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a:\u00a0 p \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647 p)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0(TND)\u00a0{\\displaystyle \\neg p\\lor p}\u0646\u0647p \\\/ p<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ingebrigt_Johansson\">Ingebrigt Johanssons<\/a> \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ex_falso_quodlibet\">ex falso quodlibet<\/a>\u201c ( \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0(EFQ)\u00a0{\\displaystyle \\neg p\\Rightarrow (p\\Rightarrow q)}7p =&gt;( p =&gt;q)<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relevanzlogik\">Relevanzlogiken<\/a> \u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u00a0 p \u062fq \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u00a0 \u06a9\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u064a kausal relevant \u062f\u064a <em>\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Implikation#Objektsprachliche_Implikationen\">Implikation#Objektsprachliche Implikationen<\/a>) ) \u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u06cd.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 Sequenzenkalk\u00fclen\u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0693 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u00a0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u00a0\u00a0( (7 \u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647) \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0646\u0647 p\u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0632\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0633\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u060c\u060c7\u060c\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0647\u00a0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u0648) \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a: \u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0647\u00a0 p \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a p\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u06a9 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u064a. \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u06a9\u0633 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0647 &#8211; \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9-\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u06d0 \u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0648\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u064a \u00a0intuitionistischer\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648 relevanter \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0693 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647\u00a0 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0693 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u067c \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u06cd \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0633 Konnexe \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0644 \u00a0\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4 dir=\"rtl\">Mehrwertige Logik und Fuzzylogik \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/h4>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u00a0 \u0627\u064a\u069a\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz\">Jan \u0141ukasiewicz<\/a>\u00a0(\u201eWarschauer Schule\u201c). ) \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0681\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0632\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<h4 dir=\"rtl\">Nichtmonotone Logiken \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/h4>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0634\u064a\u060c\u00a0 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u064a: \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u069a\u0648\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u067c\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u064a\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0645\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u062f \u0634\u064a. \u062f\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 ( \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646) \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u060c\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0693\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc.\u060c\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0648\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a.\u00a0 \u062f\u0627 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a: \u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0\u00a0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 Konsequenzoperation \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 <em>Defaults<\/em>\u00a0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u06cc\u0648 \u062f\u06d0\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9- \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u064a:\u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u060c\u060c\u00a0 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06cc(prerequisite).. \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 (justification) \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0648: \u060c\u060c \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e \u0685\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06d0 \u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a.\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u060c\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc.\u060c\u060c \u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a. \u062f Default-Schluss \u062f \u062f\u06d0\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 (\u00a0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f\u06d0 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u062f \u06cc\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9-\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u00a0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0648\u069a\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u06d0\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9- \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u064a\u0696.\u00a0 \u062f\u0627 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u0689\u0644 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a- \u062a\u0644\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u00a0 <em>Reitersche Default-Logik<\/em><em> \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a ( \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0644 \u0634\u064a).<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><em>\u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><em>\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u064a.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><em>\u00a0<\/em>Affekt\u00a0 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644. \u069a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0: \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0647( \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0685\u062e\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Aussagen\u00a0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axiom\">Axiomatische<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalk%C3%BCl\">Logikkalk\u00fcle<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0627 \u069a\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 Argument )<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Aspekten\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0644\u067c\u06a9\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Extensionalit\u00e4t\u00a0 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>Folgerichtigkeit<\/strong> \u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Formale \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0<strong>Intuition<\/strong>\u00a0 : \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647: \u00a0\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0647: \u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u06ab\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc ( \u067e\u0647 \u0642\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u06cc). \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062e \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u060c \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062a\u0646 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u063a\u0696 \u06cc\u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u06d0.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0Kalk\u00fcl \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a: \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>Kategori (\u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 &#8212; \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648 ) : \u06cc\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646 ( \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648) \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 &#8212; \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00e4dikatenlogik ( \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u062a:\u062f \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06d0\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">Quantor \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u06cc\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u067e\u060c\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u06d0 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schlussfolgern\">Schlussfolgern<\/a>\u00a0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 . \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a: \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><em>\u067e\u0633\u06d0:\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0(\u062f\u0648\u06d0\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647) \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644- \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631 Kalk\u00fcltypen und logische Verfahren \u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u00a0 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 ( \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0 Tautologien \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0644 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0642\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a) \u00a0\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":161233,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-196064","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-uncategorized"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \/\u00a0\u0689\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06d0\u0696\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=196064\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \/\u00a0\u0689\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06d0\u0696\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc - \u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0(\u062f\u0648\u06d0\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647) \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644- \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631 Kalk\u00fcltypen und logische Verfahren \u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u00a0 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 ( \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0 Tautologien \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0644 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0642\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a) \u00a0\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=196064\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/taandcom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-09-20T07:10:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/taand.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/articles.-writtt2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"489\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"322\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" 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