{"id":148807,"date":"2020-04-25T16:37:26","date_gmt":"2020-04-25T12:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.taand.com\/main\/?p=148807"},"modified":"2020-12-09T00:55:18","modified_gmt":"2020-12-08T20:25:18","slug":"%da%89%d8%b3%da%a9%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%b3-%d8%b4%d9%86%d9%86%d9%87-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%84-%da%9a%da%a9%d9%84%db%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=148807","title":{"rendered":"\u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 | \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u069a\u06a9\u0644\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a &#8220;Discourse Analysis&#8221; \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u064a\u06d0 DA \u062f\u06cc. \u0632\u0644\u064a\u06a9 \u0647\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0681\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f2 \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0647. \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u064a \u0645\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u067e\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0685\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u064a. (keith &amp; Helen, 1999) \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0646\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u06d0\u0698\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0631\u063a\u069a\u062a \u064a\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0685\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06ab\u0647 \u06ab\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0644\u067c\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u063a\u0696\u06d0\u0696\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062f &#8220;discursus&#8221; \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0685\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0633\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c\u0686\u06d0 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a.(McArthur, 1996). \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u067e\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a. (Nunan, 1993)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627: \u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0638\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u060c \u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062f \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u067c\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u0646\u067c\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u06a9\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 . \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc: \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u063a\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u064a \u062e\u062a\u064a\u0681 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc. \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a. &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0627\u063a\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0681 \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627\u069a\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0693&#8221; \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u06cc. (\u0634\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cd \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a: \u064a\u0648 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\u062f\u06cc. \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0627 \u062f \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u067c\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u06a9 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06d0 \u062f &#8220;\u0633\u0693\u064a&#8221; \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f &#8220;\u069a\u0681\u06d0&#8221; \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 &#8220;\u069a\u0681\u06d0&#8221; \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u067c\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u06a9 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 (\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06cd) \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0646\u064a \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.(Hashmi, 2019)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u06d0 \u0628\u0644\u06d0 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u067e\u064a\u0646\u0681\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1- \u06a9\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u064a\u0632: \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u064a\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u060c \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2- \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a: \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0685\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0633\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3- \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc: \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0686\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4- \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a: \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u06cc.\u00a0 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0632\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f5- \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc\/\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc: \u064a\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u067c\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648. \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061b \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0631 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u060c \u064a\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u06ab\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0648. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u06ab\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647(Language game) \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0648\u061b \u062e\u0648\u060c \u06a9\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0631 \u0685\u0648 \u0627\u0648 &#8230;. \u0622\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062f \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644(Speech act) \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u063a\u0696\u06d0\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u062b\u0631 (How to do things with words) \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0645\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u0696\u06d0\u062f\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u067e\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u063a\u0696\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u0648 \u0685\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0648. \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u0634\u0646\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1- \u064a\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2- 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(\u0622\u0642\u0627 \u06ab\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f5\u060c \u06f1\u06f1) \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0648\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0634\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u067c\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0681\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u06d0\u0696\u064a. (Van Dijk, p 250)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u064a\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06cd \u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0693\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u064a: \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0689\u0627\u0631 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u0633\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0686\u064a\u0646 \u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u060c \u062f \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0644 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u060c \u062f \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06d0 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0648 &#8230;. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u067c\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cd\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1- \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u06a9\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2-\u00a0 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u06cd \u064a\u0627\u062f\u069a\u062a \u06a9\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3- \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0689\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4- \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f5-\u00a0 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0698\u06d0\u060c \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f6- \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0698\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f7-\u00a0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06d0 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cd(\u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a) \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u064a\u0689\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd\u060c \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648.(\u0656Flick, 2009, p 340)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0689\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0648\u064a. \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u067c\u0647 \u0648\u064a. \u0631\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u06a9 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u067e\u0631\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0685\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0646\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0632\u06d0\u0696\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cd \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><b>\u0645\u0627\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0647:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li><b>\u0622\u0642\u0627 \u06ab\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641. (\u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f5). \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u06ab\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>\u0628\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u067e\u0648\u0631. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0644\u06cc. \u06f1\u06f3\u06f7\u06f8. &#8220;\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u06ab\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06ab\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u06ab\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc. \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u06a9: \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u06ab\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0647\u060c \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f5\u060c \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a: awaz-e-dost.blogspot.com\/2015\/09\/blog-post.html?m=1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Hashmi. Mohyuddi. Lecture. (2019. Jan 31). Difference between spoken and written discourse [Video file]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0=ozE3YkcBcyU&amp;feature=share<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Flick, Uwe. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Fourth edition. London: Sage Publication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Johnson. Keith &amp; Johnson Helen. 1999. Encyclopedic dictionary of Applied Linguistics: A Handbook for Language Teaching: wiley-Blackwell<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>McArthur, T. (1996). The Oxford companion to the English language. Oxford University press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\">\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Nunan, D. (1993). Introducing discourse analysis. Penguin Books.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Van Dijk, Teun A. Principles of critical discourse analysis: University of Amsterdam: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.daneprairie.com\">http:\/\/www.daneprairie.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a &#8220;Discourse Analysis&#8221; \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u064a\u06d0 DA \u062f\u06cc. \u0632\u0644\u064a\u06a9 \u0647\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0681\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f2 \u062f \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0647. \u0689\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u064a \u0645\u06d0\u062a\u0648\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u067e\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":167674,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[312],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-148807","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-literature"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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