{"id":123461,"date":"2019-03-20T14:04:24","date_gmt":"2019-03-20T09:34:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.taand.com\/main\/?p=123461"},"modified":"2021-05-24T01:12:06","modified_gmt":"2021-05-23T20:42:06","slug":"%d8%af-%da%9a-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%87%db%8c%d8%b1-%d8%b4%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=123461","title":{"rendered":"\u062f (\u069a) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 | \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0626\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.www.archive.taand.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/\u062f-\u069a-\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a-\u0628\u0647\u06cc\u06313.pdf\">\u067e\u064a \u0689\u064a \u0627\u06cc\u0641<\/a> \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0626.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 Historical linguistics\u2019 &#8211; Diachronic linguistics \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a &#8211; \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u067e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u064a\u0648\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0622\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u062e\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0689\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0696\u063a\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0693\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u064a \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u063a\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0696\u063a\u06cc\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0696\u063a\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u067c\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f (\u069a) \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0696\u063a\u06cc\u0696\u0648.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641 : \u062f(\u069a= <\/strong><strong>\u1e63<\/strong><strong>) \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u06d0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u069a) \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0693\u0633\u064a \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0646\u06ab\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u064a \u067e\u0647(\u062e) \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. (<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>) \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0693\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u064a\u064a \u0645\u069a\u062a\u06cc) \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u064a\u06d0(\u0696) \u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f (\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06ab \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0685\u0648\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cd \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cd \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0693\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0648\u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u06cc\u067c\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u06cc\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0686\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0645\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.(<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>) \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f (\u062e) \u0627\u0648(\u069a) \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0696\u063a \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u069a\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u069a\u0644\u060c \u067e\u0648\u069a. . \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062f(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645(\u069a) \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0627\u0648 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc .\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0681\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 (\u0634\u0621) \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644\u0647. \u062f\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06ab \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 (\u075c) \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0648. \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0634\u064a \u062f \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f(\u069a) \u062f\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f (\u075c) \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0647. \u062e\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0685\u06a9\u0632\u064a \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647(\u0633.) \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u067c\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f (\u069a) \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0628: \u062f (\u069a) \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u06d0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(K ) \u00a0= \u1e63 = \u069a : \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062a\u0631(\u06cc: y\u060cw) \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0644\u00a0 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u069a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647 : ,AyK y\u1fb1 \u1e63 = \u069a\u06cc\u0627 : \u069a\u0627\u062f\u06d0\u062f\u0644. \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f ( C)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0686\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648(\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648) \u0645\u0634\u062f\u062f (\u0634) \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f\u06ab\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0648. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f(\u0634) \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u064a:( S\u060cC\u00a0 \u060cK\u00a0\u00a0 ) \u062e\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a.\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u06bc\u06cc\u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0693\u064a \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u06cc(\u069a) \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u064a (\u075c) \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0647.(<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f [\u0634] \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u064a\u00a0 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0631\u0644\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631. \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(S) = \u0161 =\u0634: \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0693 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0645 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0644\u0696 \u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u0696 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">,atoaS aota \u0161 = \u0634\u0648\u062a\u0627: \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u06d0 \u060c \u0632\u0645\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0648 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f (\u0644) \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648(\u0644) \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0634\u0648\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(C ) = \u00a0\u1e67 = \u075c : \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: ,yaC\u00a0 \u1e67ay \u0634\u06cc : \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647\u060c. ,waC\u00a0 \u1e67av \u0634\u0627\u0648= \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u067e\u0647(\u069a) \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">,atAK: ( \u069a\u0627\u062a\u0627= \u069a\u0627\u062f) \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0647 (\u062a) \u0627\u0648 (\u062f) \u062f \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">,ayKam: ( \u0645\u069a\u06cc\u0627 = \u0645\u06d0\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">, Cxab (\u0628\u062e\u069a\u0627 = \u0628\u062e\u069a\u0647) \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u069a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0686\u064a \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0631\u06cc\u069a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0644\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u067c\u06a9 \u064a\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u062e\u069a\u0648: \u0628\u062e\u069a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0641\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0644 = remission<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0634\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0696\u06cc\u0696\u06d0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0645 \u0645\u0627 <u>\u0628\u062e\u069a\u0648<\/u> \u06a9\u0693\u06d0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c\u0635\u060c\u06f3\u06f1)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0686\u064a \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u064a\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u0686\u064a target \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u062f symbol \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u069a \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067c \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u0937=\u069a)sodazanhri\u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0939\u094d\u0930\u093f \u0686\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u069a\/ \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0919\u094d\u0917: sodazamzu (\u069a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0632\u0648) \u00a0\u06cc\u0648\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0(\u0915\u094d\u0937=k\u1e63=\u06a9\u069a): =sak\u1e63at:\u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d \u00a0\u0633\u0627\u06a9\u069a\u0627\u062a :\u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\/ sak\u1e63atkara:\u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0633\u0627\u06a9\u069a\u0627\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0647: \u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067c \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f (\u069a) \u0696\u063a \u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647(\u0937=\u069a) \u0627\u0648(\u0915\u094d\u0937=k\u1e63) \u00a0\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: (\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937 = balaks \u00a0\u0628\u0644\u06a9\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067c \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u0633\u067e\u0648\u0696\u0645\u06cd \u0631\u06bc\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a. \u0628\u0644\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u060c\u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u069a\u06d0\u062f\u0644 (<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>) \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u0681\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a.\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u064a \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067c \u062f \u00a0(\u0915\u094d\u0937=k\u1e63=\u06a9\u069a) \u00a0\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u0696\u063a \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u06a9\u0647 : \u06a9\u069a\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u069a(\u062e\u0637\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647)\u060c \u06a9\u069a\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0686\u064a \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067c \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u0648( \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0631-\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06ab\u0644\u06cd \u0633\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc). \u06a9\u069a\u06d0 (\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0644: \u0686\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u06d0 \u0648\u064a \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647-\u0686\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062f \u064a\u06d0 \u0648\u064a \u062f\u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0681\u064a \u0681\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u06d0\u060c \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u0648\u062a\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u069a\u06d0\u06a9\u069a\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631&#8230;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u00a0(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u062f (\u069a) \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u067e\u0646\u0681\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u069a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u4e66 shu \u069a\u0648\u0648= \u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u591a\u5c11\u94b1:Duoshao qian: \u062f\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0648 \u0686\u06cc\u0646: \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0648 \u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0685\u0648 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u65e9\u4e0a: zaoshang : \u0681\u0627\u0648\u069a\u0646 \u0647\u0627: \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u533b\u751f:yisheng : \u06cc\u069a\u0646\u06ab: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u069a \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">(\u069a = \u1e63in) \u0645\u062e\u0646\u06cc \u0698\u0628\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u06d0 \u0696\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0646\u067c \u062f\u06cc. \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u0627(\u1e63\u1fb1) : \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u064a \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cd \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0630\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0686\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u0627\u069a(\u1e63\u1fb1\u1e63): \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062f \u062c\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u0645\u069a(ama\u1e63\u1e63)= \u069a\u0628\u069a: \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u069a\u0644\u0647(a\u1e63l\u00e0\u1e63): \u0646\u0631\u0645\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0645<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0634\u064f\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0634\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u062f (\u069a) \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u0648\u0631\u069a: \u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0634\u060c \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u069a\u0648\u0631\u069a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0631\u0648\u069a\u062a: \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u062e\u069a\u069a \u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u06cc: \u0628\u062e\u069a\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u062e\u069a\u069a \u06ab\u064f\u0646\u06cc\u0698: \u0628\u062e\u069a\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06ab\u0631<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0686\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u0648\u069a\u0647: \u0634\u0627\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u0648\u06cc\u069a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062e\u06cc\u069a\u0627\u0646: \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u069a: \u0686\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0685\u0647 \u069a\u062a \u0646\u064f\u0645: \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0632: \u062a\u06bc\u06cd \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u064f\u0647 \u0626\u06cc\u062c: \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06d0\u0632\u06cd \u062e\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0633\u0648\u0631\u062e\u069a: \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u069a\u060c \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0634\u060c \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u069a\u060c\u063a\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u063a\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u069a\u0650\u062a: \u0632\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u06cc\u069a: \u0631\u0633\u06cd\u060c \u067e\u0693\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0648\u069a\u06af\u06a9\u064a:\u00a0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0628\u06cd<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>(\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0632\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0686\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a- \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a- \u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06ab\u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0686\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062fX\/\u00fe\/ = hkh\u1e63\u061f \u062f\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u064a \u062f \u0646\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0647. \u062f\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f (\u069a) \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f (\u069a) \u067e\u0647 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u064a \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u062f (\u062e) \u0696\u063a \u0646\u0647 \u0648. \u06a9\u0686\u06cc\u0631\u064a (\u062e) \u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062e=x) \u06a9\u069a\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u06cc. \u062f\u06d0 \u0696\u063a(\u069a) \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067c \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06d0 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0698\u062f\u06d0 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0647. \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u2013 \u0696\u063a \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f (\u069a) \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064a \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u062f \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0693 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f (\u069a) \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0633\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u069a\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u064a \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a \u062f \u06f1\u06f3\u06f2\u06f1 \u0647\u0640. \u0634 \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u061b (\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9) \u0686\u064a \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0631 \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647: (\u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u069a\u064a) \u062f &#8221; \u06a9\u069a\u06d0 \u0640\u0640 \u06a9\u069a \u0640\u0640 \u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0634\u06a9\u0644(\u06a9\u069a\u06d0) \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0648 \u2026. \u06a9\u069a\u06d0 (\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u064a \u06f1\u06f5 \u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0686\u064a\u201d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 (\u06a9\u069a) \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 (\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644) \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 (\u06a9\u069a\u06d0) \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f(\u06a9\u06d0) \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u064a \u0647\u0689\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0647.&#8221; \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f \u0628\u069a\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u064a \u0686\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u06f3\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u06a9\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a (\u0628\u062e\u069a\u0627) \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647:\u00a0 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644 symbol \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0648 Target \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a semantical \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0689\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0645\u0623\u062e\u0630\ufffd\ufffd\u0646\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0632\u0646\u0681\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0689\u0645\u064a- \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f1 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u060c \u06f1\u06f1\u06f8\u060c \u06f1\u06f1\u06f9\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u0646\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u062d\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f9\u0644\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u060c \u06f3\u06f6\u0645\u062e.<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648- \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c\u06f3-\u06f4 \u067c\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0689\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u060c\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u060c \u062f\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f3\u0634<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u067c\u06a9\u060c \u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0689\u0648\u0631\u0689\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0631\u060c\u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f5\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0645\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc(\u06a9\u0644\u069a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627)\u062c\u0644\u062f \u06f1\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062b\u0645\u0631\u060c \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f7\u0645\u060c\u0635\u0635\u06f1\u06f3\u06f2\u06f9-\u06f1\u06f3\u06f3\u06f1.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u06cc. \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u06cc.\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f5\u0634\u060c \u06f1\u06f4 \u0645\u062e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0698\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0647.\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647- \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06f1\u06f3\u06f9\u06f4\u0634\u060c\u06f9\u06f2 \u0645\u062e<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u060c \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06ab\u0644\u06cd \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u06d0\u060c\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cd \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647\u060c \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f6\u0645<\/li>\n<li>Avesta language by Dr.Erwad ramiyr parvez karanjia,jun 2005, p 13<\/li>\n<li>SRINIVASACHARI,P.O.L.LEARN SANSKRIT IN 30 DAYS,2002,P16<\/li>\n<li>English-Avesta Dictionary kavasji FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BOMBAY,1909<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> : \u067e\u0646\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062f\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631\u060c\u06f5\u06f0\u0645\u062e.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> :\u0632\u0646\u0681\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631\u060c \u06f1\u06f1\u06f5\u0645\u062e.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> : \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0645\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0626\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u064a \u0689\u064a \u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0626. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 Historical linguistics\u2019 &#8211; Diachronic linguistics \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a &#8211; \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u067e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f \u064a\u0648\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":185853,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[323],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-123461","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-iterature"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u062f (\u069a) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 | \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a - \u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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