{"id":111581,"date":"2018-08-04T01:34:37","date_gmt":"2018-08-03T21:04:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.taand.com\/main\/?p=111581"},"modified":"2021-05-13T14:56:10","modified_gmt":"2021-05-13T10:26:10","slug":"%d8%af-%d9%be%da%9a%d8%aa%d9%88-%da%98%d8%a8%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b2%da%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%be%da%9a%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/?p=111581","title":{"rendered":"\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u00a0\u064a\u0627\u00a0\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645.\u0627. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0689\u060c \u06f3\u0627\u06af\u0633\u062a\u06f1\u06f8<\/b><\/p>\n

(The Pashto nominal cases)<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u06af\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633 (\u067e\u0633\u0631\u063a\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0) \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u00a0\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd- \u067e\u0644\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0685\u06bc\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0689\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u0647 \u00a0\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0698\u062f\u06d0 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0644\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u06d0 (\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647) \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u067c\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u06d0\u062f\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0628\u067e\u0627\u06bc\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u06d0. \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06d0\u0631\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u0648\u0681\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0631\u063a\u069a\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc. \u064a\u0627 \u069a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u069a\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06a9\u064a\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u069a\u062a\u0648 (\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u06a9\u0648) \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0693\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 ((\u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f)) \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648\u064a- \u06a9\u067c \u0645\u067c\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648) \u064a\u06d0 \u062f ((\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631)) \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0681\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0681\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646 ((\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0648)) \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0696 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0696\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u0634\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0648! <\/b><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0628\u067e\u0627\u06bc\u0647 (\u06f2\u06f4\u062c\u0648\u0646\u06f1\u06f8) \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u06af\u0644<\/b> [\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647] \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cd \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645 <\/span>(\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0627\u0648<\/b> \u00a0\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0645 <\/span>(The Pashto nominal cases)\u060c \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u06d0 \u0633\u067e\u06bc\u064a\u0632\u06d0 (\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a)\u060c \u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u06d0 (\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u06a9\u064a) \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0648 (\u0645\u0648 \u0636\u0648\u0639) \u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u069a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644\u06d0. \u062e\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u0644\u064a\u06a9 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0698\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u06af\u0693\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c (\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644) \u062f \u064a\u0648\u06d0 \u062a\u062e\u0646\u064a\u06a9\u064a \u0689\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cd \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u0646\u0693\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0646\u06d0\u067c) \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u0645.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u067e\u06d0\u0631(\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u0685\u0646\u06af\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u061f<\/b><\/p>\n

\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a case) \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646) \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648 (\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648) \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e (<\/span>\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 aspect) \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u06d0 \u06af\u06bc\u0647 (\u0639\u062f\u062fnumber) \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0696\u06cc (\u062c\u0646\u0633 gender) \u062f\u06cc. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 (\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689 \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0) \u0685\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0647 (\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a) \u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u06af\u0693\u067e\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0632 (\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a) \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u069a\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: (\u0632\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b \u0632\u0631\u064a\u0646\u06d0 \u062e\u067c\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693.[ \u06f3- \u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u06f9\u06f2-\u06f9\u06f5]<\/b><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u069a\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u063a\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 <\/b>\u064a\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 (\u0648\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u0644) \u064a\u0627 \u0685\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 (\u0685\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u064a\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u067c\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u2190 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0627\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u067e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u063a\u0696 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u063a\u0696 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u069a\u06d0 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u067c\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a. \u062f \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646 (\u062d\u0630\u0641) \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0686\u0644\u06d0\u0696\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u067e\u0631\u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u06cc: <\/span><\/p>\n

(\u06f1) \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0622\u0631 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631(\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u064a\u0627 <\/span>(direct case)<\/b> \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06af\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u069a\u0647 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: (\u0648\u0631\u06cc) \u0627\u0648 (\u0698\u0648\u06cc) \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0: \u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0698\u0648\u06cc \u063a\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

(\u06f2) \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a <\/span>Oblique case<\/b>) \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 (\u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0648\u064a\u06d0 (\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06d0) \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u067c\u06a9\u0648\u060c \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u00a0\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u062c\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a \u00a0\u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 (-\u064a) \u067e\u0647 (\u0648\u0631\u064a) \u0627\u0648 (\u0698\u0648\u064a) \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644) \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u064a (\u063a\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647). \u064a\u0627 -\u0632\u0648\u064e\u0631(-a) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 (\u0632\u0645\u0631-\u0647!) \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 (\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0647!) \u00a0\u062f\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647 -\u064a <\/span>(-i<\/b>) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u064a\u0627 <\/span>(nom- inative case) \u00a0\u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 <\/b>\u0632\u0648\u064e\u0631(-a) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0628\u0644\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u064a\u0627 <\/span>(vocative case). \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u064a\u0632 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0685\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06af\u0693\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u064a (\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u064a\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0645) \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0648 (modifiers) \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06af\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0647 \u069a\u0627\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a \u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644\u061b \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u064a \u063a\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b \u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc (\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631) \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0685\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647\u060c\u062f\u06d0-\u062f\u063a\u0647 (-\u2202)-\u0647\u063a\u0647(-\u2202)-\u0647\u0648\u063a\u0647 (-\u2202) \u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644… \u061b<\/b><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a (-<\/span>\u2202<\/b>) <\/span>\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 (ending) \u00a0\u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a<\/b> \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u2190 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c* (\u0648\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646) \u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f (\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 (\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 <\/span>wr\u1fb9n-\u2202) <\/b>\u06a9\u06d0 \u00a0\u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a \u00a0\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0646\u0689-\u0648(-<\/span>u-)<\/b> \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 (\u1fb9) \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u06d0: \u0644\u0693\u0645\u0648\u0646-\u0644\u0693\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646- \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0634\u067e\u0648\u0646- \u0634\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646- \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0645\u06d0\u0644\u0645\u0647-\u0645\u06d0\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0693-<\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0693-\u0645\u0627\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0693-\u0632\u0627\u0693\u0647\u060c\u06a9\u0648\u06bc-\u06a9\u0627\u06bc\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0647\u0648\u0644- \u06a9\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c\u062e\u0648\u0696- \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0696\u0647…[ \u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u06f9\u06f2-\u06f9\u06f6]<\/b><\/p>\n

*\u0645\u0646\u0681- \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c) <\/b>\u067e\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a <\/span>(Ablaut) \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648- \u067e\u0627\u06cc (internal vocal change) \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0627\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u06d0 \u062c\u0627\u062c (\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645) \u069a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0685\u0631\u06af\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/b><\/p>\n

(The real &pre-positional nominal case)<\/b><\/p>\n

(\u06f1) \u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u062a\u06af\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 (\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06d0\u067c\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/b>…) \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0<\/span>\u0685\u0631\u06a9 \u0644\u06af\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc<\/b>\u060c \u0646\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0647 <\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u064a\u0645\u06af\u0648\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u062f\u064a. \u00a0\u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a- \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0686\u0627\u0631 (\u06a9\u0693\u0646) \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0627 \u00a0\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 (\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646) \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a<\/b>(<\/b>\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u060c\u0648\u064a\u064a\u06a9\u064a <\/b>…) <\/b>\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a.<\/b><\/p>\n

(nominative-case) \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06af\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f (\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644) \u00a0\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647:<\/b><\/p>\n

(\u0632\u0645\u0631\u064a ) \u0645\u06bc\u0647 \u00a0\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b (\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0634\u06d0) \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u061b \u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u06af\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u061b \u062a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u06a9 \u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u069a\u061b \u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0693\u060c\u062f\u06d0 \u00a0\u0689\u0648\u0689\u06cd \u067e\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647… .<\/b><\/p>\n

\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0693\u06a9\u06d0 <\/b>\u062f\u0631 \u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u00a0\u0685\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0685\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a: \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a <\/span>nomi- native)\u060c<\/b>\u0644\u0646\u0689\u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u00a0<\/span>accusative )\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a vocative). <\/b><\/p>\n

\u06f1- \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (nominative) \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062a\u0634 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 (ergative) \u0633\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u0646\u062f (\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a) \u06a9\u0693 \u062f \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a (\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644) \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 (\u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f) \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: <\/b><\/p>\n

(\u0632\u0645\u0631\u064a ) \u0645\u06bc\u0647 \u00a0\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b (\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0634\u06d0) \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u061b \u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u06af\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a: (\u0645\u0627) \u0645\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b (\u062a\u0627) \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u061b (\u062f\u0647) \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0693\u060c (\u062f\u06d0) \u00a0\u0689\u0648\u0689\u06cd \u067e\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647… .<\/b><\/p>\n

\u06f2- \u0644\u0646\u0689\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 (accusative)\u060c \u062f \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0\u0646\u06cc \u0685\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u00a0\u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u0648(\u0645\u0627) \u0627\u0648 (\u062a\u0627) \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647:<\/b><\/p>\n

(\u0645\u0627) \u0632\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0647\u064a\u060c (\u062a\u0627) \u0632\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u061b \u062f\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647 (\u0632\u0645\u0631\u06cc) \u0627\u0648 (\u0632\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646) \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 (\u0645\u0627) \u0627\u0648 (\u062a\u0627) \u0644\u0646\u0689 (\u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647) \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 (\u0632\u0647)\u0627\u0648 (\u062a\u0627) \u062f\u064a\u061b \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u060c \u062f (\u0632\u0645\u0631\u06cc) \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc (\u062f\u06cc) \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f (\u0632\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc (\u062f\u0627)\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647:(\u062f\u06cc) \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0648 (\u062f\u0627) \u062a\u0627. \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u064a (\u0645\u0627-\u062a\u0627) \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631!<\/b><\/p>\n

\u06f3- \u0628\u0644\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a vocative) \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0696\u064a (\u062c\u0646\u0633) \u0627\u0648 \u06af\u06bc\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0648 (\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0648) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u067c\u06a9\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u00a0\u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a ((\u2190\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a)) \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0693\u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0634\u064a.<\/b><\/p>\n

(\u06f2) \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a (pre-positional) <\/b><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a (pre-positional \u00a0\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a ( post-positional) \u064a\u0627\u063a\u0628\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0644\u064a (ambi-positional) \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u00a0\u067e\u06d0\u0646\u0681\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0644\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (dative)\u060c\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (instro mentative)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (locative)… \u0633\u06a9\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647) \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u00a0\u064a\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u069a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0646\u06af\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a.[\u06f3 -\u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f1-\u06f1\u06f1\u06f2]<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641-\u062f \u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0685 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n

(\u06f1) -\u064a \u00a0(-i) \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u00a0\u064a\u06d0 (-\u06cc) \u062f\u0647: \u0633\u0693\u06cc-\u0633\u0693\u064a\u060c\u0698\u0648\u06cc-\u0698\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u06cc-\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064e\u06cc-\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0633\u06cc-\u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c\u062a\u0646\u062f\u06cc-\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a…\u061b<\/b><\/p>\n

(\u06f2) -\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc (\u2202) \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u0647 (\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u06a9 (-\u06a9\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0646\u067c) \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062e\u0631-\u062e\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0631-\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631- \u0633\u0631\u0647 (\u2202sr)\u060c \u0645\u0644- \u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u063a\u0644- \u063a\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0696- \u06a9\u0627\u0696\u0647…\u061b<\/b><\/p>\n

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-\u06cd \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 -\u064a \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u069a\u0681\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0686\u064a \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647-\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a-\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u06cd\u060c \u069a\u0627\u062f\u064a- \u069a\u0627\u062f\u06cd\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a-\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u06cd… .<\/b><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u00a0\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u062e\u0681\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0645.\u0627.\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631: \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631)- \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u064a\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647. \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0631 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f5\u0632. <\/b><\/p>\n

Mario. Pei:A Dictionary of Linguistics, Frank \u00a0Gaynor New York 1954.<\/b><\/p>\n

Ulrich, Winfried: Woerterbuch Linguistische Grundbegriefe. Verlag F. Hirt, Kiel. Wueryburg (Germany) \u00a01972. <\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645.\u0627. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0689\u060c \u06f3\u0627\u06af\u0633\u062a\u06f1\u06f8 (The Pashto nominal cases) \u0627\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u06af\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633 (\u067e\u0633\u0631\u063a\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0) \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u00a0\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd- \u067e\u0644\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0685\u06bc\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647. \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0689\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u0647 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":182046,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[323],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-111581","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-iterature"},"yoast_head":"\n\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u00a0\u064a\u0627\u00a0\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 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