{"id":2295,"date":"2018-04-08T07:10:49","date_gmt":"2018-04-08T07:10:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.taand.com\/en\/?p=2295"},"modified":"2018-04-08T07:10:49","modified_gmt":"2018-04-08T07:10:49","slug":"caught-between-the-military-and-militants-pashtuns-fight-for-rights","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taand.net\/en\/?p=2295","title":{"rendered":"Caught between the military and militants, Pashtuns fight for rights"},"content":{"rendered":"

When he visits rural villages, fans shower him with rose petals. A YouTube user calls him a \u201crock star activist\u201d. It\u2019s an unlikely epithet for a 26-year-old from a remote, conservative Pakistani village who sometimes wears a traditional turban, reported\u00a0NPR.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

But in recent weeks, Manzoor Pashteen has risen to lead a fast-growing movement of thousands from Pakistan\u2019s Pashtun minority, the country\u2019s second-biggest ethnic group, who form roughly 15 per cent of the country\u2019s 207 million people. Where few dare to criticise the army, Pashteen brazenly speaks.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have to identify the place that destroyed us,\u201d Pashteen said at a recent rally. \u201cIt is GHQ!\u201d he said, referring to military headquarters. The crowd cheered.<\/p>\n

The destruction he refers to is the crushing of Pashtun homes during military operations and Pashtuns\u2019 sense of humiliation at the hands of authorities. How Pakistan responds to Pashteen will have wide-ranging consequences. His heartland, a rugged territory known as the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) near the border with Afghanistan, is one of the world\u2019s most important geopolitical areas.<\/p>\n

Now he is preparing for a large rally in the Pashtun-dominated city of Peshawar on Sunday. Activists hope a large turnout will show the military they cannot be suppressed.<\/p>\n

If the Pakistani military tries to crush the movement surrounding Pashteen, it may complicate an already complex battle against militants in Pashtun areas, where the Pakistani Taliban are active and al Qaida once had its stronghold.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt does have implications that go beyond one province in Pakistan, and go beyond Pakistan itself,\u201d said Barnett Rubin, director of the Afghanistan Pakistan Regional Programme at New York University\u2019s Centre on International Cooperation.<\/p>\n

\u2018PEOPLE WHO SAY THOSE THINGS ARE KILLED\u2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pashteen is one of eight siblings from a family in South Waziristan, in Pakistan\u2019s Federally Administered Tribal Areas. When he was a child, his family fled home four times as clashes erupted between the Pakistani military and insurgents.<\/p>\n

His father, a schoolteacher, sent him to a military academy, far from where the army was fighting militants as part of the war on terrorism that began after September 11, 2001.<\/p>\n

But during visits home, Pashteen said he became embittered. He alleges that thousands of Pashtuns were disappeared by the military and as many more were killed in bombings. He also alleges that soldiers deliberately killed innocents, including shepherds.<\/p>\n

Like hundreds of thousands of other Pashtuns, his family was displaced for years during the worst episode of fighting between Taliban fighters and the military in his area in 2009. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan reported that some 400,000 were forced to flee the Pashtun belt that year, but aid groups count millions displaced in years of fighting between 2004 and 2017.<\/p>\n

When Pashteen\u2019s family finally returned in 2016, they found their home ruined, their books looted, and their lands studded with landmines. And, he said, they endured humiliation at army checkpoints.<\/p>\n

Finally, he decided to speak out. \u201cWhat would the next generation think if we faced brutality and oppression \u2013 but we didn\u2019t even raise our voice? What message are we giving? They would think we are people without honour,\u201d he recalled telling his father. \u201cMy father would agree, but he would say: \u2018People who say those things are killed.’\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2018FROM 22, WE BECAME 22,000\u2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pashteen emerged as an activist for his tribe, the Mahsuds, in 2014. It took another four years for him to come to prominence, in January, after the death of Naqeebullah Mehsud, an aspiring model from his tribe. Mehsud was shot dead in Karachi, and a senior police officer stands accused in his death. Pashteen led demonstrations in Islamabad to protest Mehsud\u2019s killing.<\/p>\n

The police hinted Mehsud was a militant, something his family and friends deny.<\/p>\n

The \u201catmosphere around Pashtuns has become toxic\u201d in Pakistan, said Ammar Ali Jan, an assistant professor at Punjab University in Lahore. \u201cThey have been [the] centre of the war on terror,\u201d he said. And now, \u201cit\u2019s almost projected as a Pashtun problem: violence, terrorism, religious extremism.\u201d<\/p>\n

During the sit-in he led in Islamabad, Pashteen said he realized something bigger than a single protest was happening. Pashtuns from different tribes began joining in. Demonstrations erupted in other Pashtun areas. His own experiences, he realized, were echoed across Pakistan.<\/p>\n

\u201cFrom 22, we became 22,000,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Since then, activists have coalesced around Pashteen, forming the Pashtun Tahafuz [Protection] Movement. Its base is students and professionals, including doctors and lawyers. They run a Facebook group called \u201cJustice for Pashtuns\u201d. Pashtun singers croon about the movement. Even Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai tweeted her support.<\/p>\n

\u2018THERE IS NO WAR ON TERROR. THERE IS ONLY TERROR\u2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n

In Pashteen\u2019s whistle-stop rallies, lectures and meetings, he has emboldened others to articulate their grievances against the military, Pakistan\u2019s most powerful institution, and its widely feared Inter-Services Intelligence agency. They do even though they say they are vulnerable to harassment, abuse, disappearance and even death.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople started saying: this is also what we held in our hearts,\u201d said Izhar Yousefzai, 22, a Pashtun student. Yousefzai said he once dared not speak. \u201cWhen Manzoor Pashteen raised his voice, I found a companion. I joined him.\u201d<\/p>\n

Most explosively, Pashteen and his movement accuse the army of sheltering some militants \u2014 specifically, the Haqqani Network, which is affiliated with the Afghan Taliban \u2014 in Pashtun areas.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey are feeding the Taliban, and they let them reside in military areas,\u201d Pashteen said. Meanwhile, \u201cthey are raising slogans about the war on terror.\u201d<\/p>\n

Pashteen and his followers say they have paid the price of that policy, enduring drone strikes, clashes, acts of terrorism by insurgents and displacement.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is no war on terror. There is only terror,\u201d Pashteen said last month in Peshawar, near the border with Afghanistan. He was with other activists, discussing how to arrange a rally in April. \u201cWe are standing eyeball to eyeball,\u201d said Pashteen of the army and his movement.<\/p>\n

\u2018A MASSIVE MOVEMENT OF PASHTUNS\u2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rubin of New York University said the Pashtun movement is articulating views that were once whispered.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s quite new that they would do that so openly,\u201d Rubin said. \u201cIt turns out there\u2019s a massive movement of Pashtuns in Pakistan who are saying what I have heard in private for many years.\u201d<\/p>\n

The US has also accused Pakistan of harbouring militants. President Trump accused Pakistan of offering \u201csafe haven to agents of chaos, violence and terror\u201d in August. The US has since pressured Pakistan by cutting off most military aid and punishing the country financially.<\/p>\n

Pashteen wants to pressure Pakistan internally, said Mohsin Dawar, a columnist and activist with the movement. It would have a different resonance from pressure exerted by the US and the West, he said.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf there is a local resistance, or a local, strong, confrontation, [the military] won\u2019t be able to pursue whatever they have been doing the last 15 years,\u201d Dawar said.<\/p>\n

Pakistan denies it harbours militants. Retired air marshal Shahid Latif said Pashteen\u2019s claims were \u201can overstatement\u201d, but said he was sympathetic.<\/p>\n

There have been years of \u201cleniency\u201d by the Pakistani military toward the Haqqani Network, he said, because its members fought as anti-Soviet mujahedin during the Soviet war in Afghanistan of the 1980s.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey are the people who were in league with the security forces, back when we were fighting our jihad in Afghanistan,\u201d he explained. \u201cSo actually you can trace all the troubles starting from that time, and since they were fighting alongside our security forces and they were doing something that was kind of arranged by the state. So they expect some kind of a lenient treatment \u2014 even today.\u201d<\/p>\n

Army commanders initially negotiated truces with some Haqqani militants instead of fighting them, he acknowledged. But, he said, things have changed: \u201cSecurity forces are now not in any mood to grant them this leniency.\u201d Going after the Haqqani group has been a key demand of US administrations.<\/p>\n

\u2018A TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITY\u2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pashteen\u2019s Islamabad demonstration disbanded after authorities vowed to meet some of the protesters\u2019 demands, including speeding up de-mining efforts and removing some army checkpoints in Pashtun areas.<\/p>\n

The government responded in other ways, too: Rao Anwar, the police superintendent suspected of killing the aspiring Pashtun model in Karachi, appeared in court on March 21, after weeks in hiding. He is being investigated for involvement in the killing, and Pakistan\u2019s army chief, General Qamar Javed Bajwa assured Mehsud\u2019s father that the army supported the family in its pursuit of justice.<\/p>\n

Rubin said Pakistan should view the Pashtun movement\u2019s demands for better treatment as an opportunity.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt means that they have a tremendous opportunity to unite their country\u2019s various ethnic groups through the means of democracy and federalism,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

But there are darker signs. Police registered a criminal case against Pashteen for criticising the government and security agencies, Pakistani media reported. Dawar, the political activist, said he was removed from his position as head of the youth wing of a secular Pashtun political party, which he claimed in a WhatsApp message was \u201cunder an immense pressure from the military\u201d. And activists claimed a prominent member of Pashteen\u2019s movement, Sadiq Achakzai, was seized by security agencies in Quetta.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe government needs to end its longstanding discriminatory laws and practices against Pashtuns and act to end hostile attitudes toward them,\u201d Human Rights Watch said March 13. \u201cThis process could start by dropping the criminal cases against Manzoor Pashteen and other protest leaders wrongfully charged, fully investigating and fairly prosecuting those responsible for Naqeebullah Mehsud\u2019s death, and letting Pashtun voices be heard.\u201d<\/p>\n

Pashteen told\u00a0NPR<\/em>\u00a0regardless of how he was treated, he would remain non-violent. But if security forces crack down, \u201cI can\u2019t control how other Pashtuns will act,\u201d he said. No longer, he insisted, would Pashtuns be like tissues \u201cthat the Pakistani state uses \u2013 and then throws away\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When he visits rural villages, fans shower him with rose petals. 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